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Bridges: - Purpose

Bridges connect local area networks (LANs) and isolate collision domains to improve network performance. They filter and forward traffic between LANs, and can translate between different data link layer protocols. Transparent bridges automatically learn which devices are on each LAN segment and selectively forward traffic without users knowing a bridge exists. This self-learning prevents loops from forming in the network.

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65 views23 pages

Bridges: - Purpose

Bridges connect local area networks (LANs) and isolate collision domains to improve network performance. They filter and forward traffic between LANs, and can translate between different data link layer protocols. Transparent bridges automatically learn which devices are on each LAN segment and selectively forward traffic without users knowing a bridge exists. This self-learning prevents loops from forming in the network.

Uploaded by

swatiskhuraniya
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bridges

• Purpose
– Isolate networks by MAC address
– Manage network traffic by filtering traffic
– Translate from one protocol to another
Bridges (more)
Advantages
• Isolates collision domains resulting in higher
total max. throughput, and does not limit the
number of nodes nor geographical coverage
• Can connect LAN using different protocols at
the data link layer
• Reduce the amount of traffic by dropping
frames that do not have to be forwarded.
• Security features or access control
Bridges (more)
Bridges (more)
Bridges (more)
Bridges: frame filtering,
forwarding
• bridges filter packets
– same-LAN -segment frames not forwarded onto other
LAN segments
– Reduce the amount of traffic by dropping frames that
do not have to be forwarded.
– Process of deciding whether or not to forward a
packet is termed “filtering packets”

• forwarding:
– how to know which LAN segment on which to forward
frame?
– looks like a routing problem
Backbone Bridge
Interconnection Without Backbone

• Not recommended for two reasons:


- single point of failure at Computer Science
hub
- all traffic between EE and SE must path over
CS segment
Types of Bridges
• Simple Bridge
• Multiport Bridge
• Transparent Bridge or Learning Bridge
• Source route Bridge
Types of Bridges (Cont..)
• Simple Bridge
– Most primitive and less expensive
– Connects two segments
– Maintain a table of host address versus segment
numbers
– Each address must be entered manually
– Operator involvement
– Whenever new station is added, table must be
modified
– Time consuming
Types of Bridges (Cont..)
• Multiport Bridge
– Special case of either the simple or the
learning bridge
• When a simple or learning bridge connects more
than two segments, it is called a multiport bridge
Types of Bridges (Cont..)
Multiport Bridge
Transparent Bridges

• A transparent bridge is a bridge in which stations


are completely unaware of the bridge’s existence.
• IEEE 802.1d specification, a system equipped
with transparent bridge must meet three criteria:
– Frames must be forwarded from one station to another.
– Forwarding table is automatically made by learning
frame movements in the network (Learn which address
are on which segment).
– Loops in the system must be prevented.
Learning
• How does the bridges know what address are on which
networks?
– Need a bridge that gradually learns from the frame
movements.
– Use promiscuous mode
• mode of operation in which every data packet transmitted
can be received and read by a network adapter
• Bridges accept all packets, regardless of the packet
addressing.
• Bridge inspects both the destination and the source address.
• destination address is used for the forwarding the decision
(table lookup).
• source address is used for adding entries to the table and
for updating purpose.
– Promiscuous listening is the key to the bridge’s
transparent operation
Filtering or Learning

• bridges learn which hosts can be reached through


which interfaces: maintain filtering tables
– when frame received, bridge “learns” location
of sender: incoming LAN segment
– records sender location in filtering table
• filtering table entry:
– (Node LAN Address, Bridge Interface, Time
Stamp)
Transparent Bridge

Filtering or Learning procedure:


if destination is on LAN on which frame was received
then drop the frame
else { lookup filtering table
if entry found for destination
then forward the frame on interface indicated;
else flood; /* forward on all but the interface
on which the frame arrived*/
}
Bridge Learning: example
Suppose C sends frame to D and D replies
back with frame to C

• C sends frame, bridge has no info about D,


so floods to both LANs 3 and 2
– bridge notes that C is on port 1
– frame ignored on upper LAN
– frame received by D
Bridge Learning: example

• D generates reply to C, sends


– bridge sees frame from D
– bridge notes that D is on interface 2
– bridge knows C on interface 1, so selectively
forwards frame out via interface 1
Bridge Learning

S1 sends a frame to S5

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

S1 S5

LAN1 LAN2 LAN3


B1 B2
port 1 port 2 port 1 port 2

Address Port Address Port


S1 1 S1 1
Bridge Learning

S3 sends a frame to S2

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
S3 S2

LAN1 LAN2 LAN3


B1 B2
port 1 port 2 port 1 port 2

Address Port Address Port


S1 1 S1 1
S3 2 S3 1
Bridge Learning

S4 sends a frame to S3

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

S4 S3

LAN1 LAN2 LAN3


B1 B2
port 1 port 2 port 1 port 2

Address Port Address Port


S1 1 S1 1
S3 2 S3 1
S4 2 S4 2
Bridge Learning

S2 sends a frame to S1

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

S2 S1

LAN1 LAN2 LAN3


Bridge1 Bridge 2
port 1 port 2 port 1 port 2

Address Port Address Port


S1 1 S1 1
S3 2 S3 1
S4 2 S4 2
S2 1
Advantage & Disadvantage of
Transparent Bridges
• Advantages
– Self learning: require no manual configuration
– Independent of higher level protocols (TCP/IP, IPX/SPX,
etc)
– No hardware or software change required
• Disadvantages
– Can work only with one path between segments: loops are
not allowed
– Not suitable for WANs: many paths can be taken to reach a
destination.

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