Digital Electronics

Principles & Applications

Fifth Edition

Roger L. Tokheim

Chapter 1
Digital Electronics

©1999 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
CHAPTER 1 PREVIEW
• Analog vs. Digital
• Why digital or analog?
• Generating a digital signal
• Multivibrators
• Defining logic levels
• Testing for digital signals
• Using a logic probe
• Mounting ICs
 ANALOG VS. DIGITAL
Analog signal- one whose output varies continuously in
step with the input.
Example:

Analog

Digital signal- one whose output varies at discrete voltage levels

commonly called HIGH or LOW (1 or 0).
Example:
HIGH or 1
Digital
LOW or 0
Time
 WHY DIGITAL?

• Data can be stored (memory characteristic

of digital).
• Data can be used in calculations.
• Compatible with display technologies.
• Compatible with computer technologies.
• Systems can be programmed.
• Digital IC families make design easier.
 WHY ANALOG?

• Most “real-world” events are analog in

nature.
• Analog processing is usually simpler.
• Analog processing is usually faster.
• Traditional electronic systems were
mostly analog in nature.
 GENERATING A DIGITAL SIGNAL
(WITH SWITCH)
+5 V
HIGH CAUTION:
Note:
Note: signal
signalgoes
goesH,
H,L,L,H,
H,
undefined Switch
UNDEFINED, andbounce
finally HIGH.
UNDEFINED, and finally HIGH.
LOW may cause problems.
0V time

Debounced Switch

Debouncing HIGH
Latch
LOW
time
 MULTIVIBRATORS
One-shot (monostable) - an electronic device that emits a
single pulse when triggered.

Free-running (astable) - an electronic device that oscillates

between two stable states (HIGH
and LOW). Commonly called a
clock in digital systems.

Latch (bistable) - an electronic device that has two stable

states (HIGH and LOW) and must be
triggered to jump from one to the other.
Commonly called a flip-flop.
Commonly used as temporary memory.
PRODUCING A DIGITAL PULSE

One-shot
multivibrator

The output pulse width is determined

by the multivibrator and not how long
the button is pressed.
A free-running multivibrator produces a
continuous string of digital pulses.

Free-running
multivibrator

Note: This can also be called a clock.

 TEST
1. A(n) ___ (astable, monostable) multivibrator is an electronic device
that generates a continuous string of digital pulses. It may also be
called a clock or a free-running MV. astable
__________

2. A(n) ___ (astable, monostable) multivibrator is an electronic device

that generates a single digital pulse when triggered. __________
monostable

3. A(n) ___ (bistable, monostable) multivibrator is an electronic device

that has two stable states. It is also called a flip-flop and is used as
a latch to hold data. __________
bistable

4. A(n) ___ (astable, monostable) multivibrator is an electronic device

that is sometimes called a one-shot MV. __________
monostable

(Left click mouse for next question or answer)

DEFINING LOGIC LEVELS
•Logic devices interpret input voltages as either HIGH or LOW.
•TTL or CMOS IC families have their unique voltage profiles.
•Both TTL and CMOS IC input voltage profiles are shown below.

CAUTION: Input voltages in the UNDEFINED region may yield

unpredictable results.
TTL CMOS
family of ICs family of ICs

100%
90% HIGH
80%
HIGH
70%
60%
50% Undefined
40%
Undefined 30%

Voltage
20%
10% LOW
LOW 0%
 TEST
1. An input voltage of +3.5V to a TTL IC (+5V supply) would be
considered a ___ (H, L, undefined) logic level. HIGH
__________

2. An input voltage of +0.5V to a TTL IC (+5V supply) would be

considered a ___ (H, L, undefined) logic level. LOW
__________

3. An input voltage of +1V to a CMOS IC (+10V supply) would be

considered a ___ (H, L, undefined) logic level. __________
LOW

4. An input voltage of +9V to a CMOS IC (+10V supply) would be

considered a ___ (H, L, undefined) logic level. HIGH
__________

5. An input voltage of +1.5V to a TTL IC (+5V supply) would be

considered a ___ (H, L, undefined) logic level. __________
undefined
TESTING FOR A DIGITAL SIGNAL

• LED output indicators

• Logic probe
• DMM or VOM
• Oscilloscope
• Logic Analyzer
TRANSISTOR-DRIVEN +5 V
LED OUTPUT
INDICATOR
150 

10 k

+5 V
 LOGIC PROBE BEHAVIOR
VERSUS LOGIC LEVELS
TTL 100% CMOS
90%
80% HIGH
HIGH 70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%

LOW
10% LOW
0%

The logic LOW

indicator lights.
 LOGIC PROBE BEHAVIOR
VERSUS LOGIC LEVELS
TTL 100% CMOS
90%
80% HIGH
HIGH 70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
LOW 10% LOW
0%

The logic HIGH

indicator lights.
 LOGIC PROBE BEHAVIOR
VERSUS LOGIC LEVELS
TTL 100% CMOS
90%
80% HIGH
HIGH 70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
LOW 10% LOW
0% The FLOATING
indicator lights.
Note: This response varies with the design of the Logic Probe.
LOGIC PROBE DYNAMIC RESPONSE

The probe toggles

between HIGH
and LOW.
LOGIC PROBE DYNAMIC RESPONSE

Probes stretch narrow

pulses so they are not
missed.

The probe toggles

between HIGH
and LOW.
LOGIC PROBE DYNAMIC RESPONSE

Pulse stretching also

allows high frequencies
to be displayed.

The probe toggles

between HIGH
and LOW.
 MOUNTING ICs:
INSERTION TECHNOLOGY

Device leads pass through holes in the circuit board.

Solder
 MOUNTING ICs:
SURFACE MOUNT TECHNOLOGY
Solder

•Devices placed by automatic equipment

•Circuit boards cost less (fewer holes)
•Higher connection density
•Smaller and less expensive products
•Difficult to repair