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Wind Loading To

This document discusses wind loading and wind design based on ASCE 7-05. It begins by explaining what wind is and the factors that influence hurricanes. It then discusses different international design standards and calculations for design wind speeds and pressures. Key aspects of ASCE 7-05 are outlined such as basic wind speed, exposure categories, and analytical vs basic design procedures. Limitations of the approaches are also noted.

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Roger Chan Soo
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337 views31 pages

Wind Loading To

This document discusses wind loading and wind design based on ASCE 7-05. It begins by explaining what wind is and the factors that influence hurricanes. It then discusses different international design standards and calculations for design wind speeds and pressures. Key aspects of ASCE 7-05 are outlined such as basic wind speed, exposure categories, and analytical vs basic design procedures. Limitations of the approaches are also noted.

Uploaded by

Roger Chan Soo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WIND LOADING TO

ASCE 7-05
What is Wind?

• Wind is the result of horizontal differences


in air pressure

• These pressure differences are due to


uneven heating of the earth’s surface
Hurricanes

• Features of hurricanes:
– High speed sustained winds up to 74 mi/h
– Typical diameter of 311 miles
– Cyclonic effect with direction of spin controlled
by Coriolis effect
The ingredients
a hurricane
needs

•Warm water – above 27ºC


•Converging winds
•Unstable air
•Humid air being pulled into
the storm(up to about
18,000 ft)
•Pre-existing winds coming
from nearly the same
direction
•An upper atmosphere
high-pressure area helps
pump away air rising in the
storm
Saffir-Simpson scale
for hurricane categories

Category Velocity Pressure Damages


1 minute (mb)
(km/hr)

1 120 - 150 > 980 Minimum

2 150 – 175 965 – 980 Moderate

3 175 – 210 945 - 965 Extensive

4 210 – 250 920 - 945 Extreme

5 > 250 < 920 Catastrophic


Wind loading
• In general the pressures derived from wind come
from the dynamic part of Bernoulli’s equation:

q 1 V 2
2
Different international
design standards

Standard Identification
ISO International Standard Organization

CUBiC Caribbean Uniform Building Code

ENV Eurocode

DRBC Dominican Republic Building Code

AIJ Japan Standard

AS Australian Standard

BNSCP Barbados Standard


Different calculations for design
wind speeds and dynamic
pressures

Standard Speed Pressure Building


Pressure/Force
ISO 4354 q ref  1 V 2 W   qref   C exp  C fig  Cdyn 
V 2
CUBiC V q ref  1
2
V 2 
W  q ref Cexp Cfig Cdyn 
ENV 1991-2-4 Vref  Cdir C tem Calt C ref ,0 q ref  1
2
 Vref  2
We  q ref Cexp  Ze  C pe

DRBC-03 V 3s  gust  q z  12 K z K zt K d IV 2  
p  q z GCp  q h GCpi  
UH  Ug Ef EgR 2
AIJ qh  1
2
U H Wf  q h Cf G f A

AS1170.2-89 Vz  Vz,cat M s M t M i q h 1 Vz2 Pe  C p,e K a K l K pq z


2
BNSCP28 V q 12
  VS S S
1 2 3  2
P  qC pe
General Wind Load Definition
• From the “Wind Loads for Structural
Design” the definition reads:

"The basic wind speed V is the 3-second


gust speed estimated to be exceeded on
the average only once in 50 years ..... at a
height of 10 m above the ground in an
open situation ....."
Basic Wind Speed (V) to ASCE 7-
05

• The basic wind speed corresponds to a 3-


s gust speed at 33 ft (10 m) above ground
in exposure Category C
Wind load considerations
• Features of all wind codes, wind loading
affected by:

– Averaging period,
– Return period,
– Height above ground,
– Topography and ground roughness.
Features of ASCE basic wind
speed (V)

• Averaging time based on 3 second gust

• Return period based on 50 yr return period

• Height – 10m

• Exposure Category C
Effects of terrain
roughness and
height on wind
speeds
Sketch showing effects of
topography on wind velocity on
a hilly island

Vg 100

Speed up
120
Vs

Vg 100 100 100


Vg Vg

80 60
Vs Vs 40
10 m

Open sea Wind ward Speed up over Sheltered leeward


Coast hill crest coast
Procedures used in ASCE 7-05

• Basic Procedure
• Analytical Procedure
• Wind Tunnel Procedure
Limitations of Basic & Analytical
Procedures
• Factors not taken into consideration:
– Across wind loading as a result of vortex
shedding or instability due to galloping and
fluttering
– Does not have a site location for which
channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of
upwind obstructions warrant special
consideration
Across Wind Loading
• Vortex shedding
Turbulent flow on high-rise
buildings due to upwind
obstructions
Other limitations of Basic
Procedure

• Simple diaphragm building


• Low Rise <60ft
• Regularly shaped
• Not Flexible
• Roof angle to horizontal <45 degrees
Enclosure Classification of
Buildings to ASCE 7-05
• Open

• Partially enclosed

• Enclosed- That which does not fall into the


first 2 classifications
Features of both Methods
• The wind loads are calculated for:

1) MWFRS- Mean Wind Force Resisting


System a main feature of which receives
wind loading from more than one surface
2) Components and cladding (C&C):
elements that do not meet MWFRS
definition
Basic Procedure
Meaning of factors in
ASCE-7

Notation Factor What does it mean?


Takes into account the probability that the
Directionality maximum wind has the same direction as
Kd that of the maximum pressure
Factor based on type of structure and
Importance I building use
Represents the wind velocity at a ‘z’ height
Exposure Kz above the ground
Takes into account the fact that the
structure may be located on top of a hill or
Topography
K zt on an escarpment, increasing the wind
velocity
Meaning of factors in
ASCE-7

Notation Factor What does it mean?


Represents the turbulence-structure
Gust effect factor G interaction and the dynamic
amplification of the wind
External pressure Estimates the wind pressure on the
coefficient
Cp building, external walls
Internal pressure C pi Reflects the internal pressure due to
coefficient wall opening quantity and sizes
Design pressure p Represents the design pressure
Represents the net force on open
Design force F
structures
Modified basic pressure in
ASCE-7 to accommodate local
parameters

Modified basic pressure-


ASCE-7

q 1 K K K IV 2
2 z zt d
Analytical Procedure

Rigid primary systems

p = q GCp - qi (GCpi)
Flexible primary systems

p = qGf Cp - qi (GCpi)
Analytical Procedure cont’d

Components and cladding

p = qh [(GCp) - (GCpi) ]
Design pressure diagram
on gabled roof building
THE END

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