EC8501 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

UNIT 3

BASEBAND TRANSMISSION &

RECEPTION
 BASEBAND BINARY DATA
TRANSMISSION
Simplifed representation

2
 INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE
• ISI occurs when a pulse spreads out in such a way that it interferes
with adjacent pulses at the sample instant

• If the rectangular multilevel pulses are filtered improperly as they

pass through a communications system, they will spread in time, and
the pulse for each symbol may be smeared into adjacent time slots
and cause ISI

3
 INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE
Input data stream
1 0 1 1 0 1

A
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb
Channel output

0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb

4
 INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE
Input data stream
1 0 1 1 0 1

A
0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb
Resultant channel output
1 0 1 1 0 1

0 Tb 2Tb 3Tb 4Tb 5Tb

5
 INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE
 
w in  t    an h  t  nTs    an h(t ) *   t  nTs    an  t  nTs   * h  t 
n  n 
 t  1
Where h  t      Where D pulses/s
 Ts  Ts
 
wout  t     an  t  nTs   * he  t    an he  t  nTs 
 n  n

Equivalent impulse response: h  t   h  t  * h  t  * h  t  * h  t 

e T C R
6
INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE
Equivalent Impulse Response he(t) :

h  t  h t *h  t *h  t *h  t
e T C R
Equivalent transfer function:
  t   sin  Ts f 
He  f   H  f  HT  f  H C  f  H R  f  Where H  f   F      Ts  
T
  s     Ts f 
Receiving filter can be designed to produce a needed He(f) in terms of HT(f) and HC(f):

He  f 
HR  f  
H  f  HT  f  H C  f 

Output signal can be rewritten as:

wout  t    an he  t  nTs 
n

He(f), chosen such to minimize ISI is called EQUALIZING FILTER)

INTERSYMBOL INTERFERENCE
Three strategies for eliminating ISI:
Use a line code that is absolutely bandlimited.
• Would require Sinc pulse shape.
• Can’t actually do this (but can approximate).

Use a line code that is zero during adjacent sample instants.

• It’s okay for pulses to overlap somewhat, as long as there is no overlap at
the sample instants.
• Can come up with pulse shapes that don’t overlap during adjacent sample
instants.
 Raised-Cosine Roll-off pulse shaping

Use a filter at the receiver to “undo” the distortion introduced by

the channel.
• Equalizer.
 NYQUIST CRITERION FOR
DISTORTION LESS TRANSMISSION

9
NYQUIST’S FIRST METHOD FOR ZERO ISI
ISI can be eliminated by using an equivalent transfer function, He(f), such that the impulse
response satisfies the condition
C , k  0
he  kTs     
0, k  0

k   is  an   integer , 𝑇𝑠  is  the  symbol  (sample) period

 

Sampling Instants
ISI occurs but,
NO ISI is present at the
wout  t    an he  t  nTs  sampling instants
n

he is a Sa function
sin  f s t
he (t ) 
 f st
NYQUIST’S FIRST METHOD FOR ZERO ISI
There will be NO ISI and the bandwidth requirement will be minimum (Optimum Filtering) if
the transmit and receive filters are designed so that the overall transfer function He(f) is

1  f  sin  f s t 1
He  f
fs
 f  e
h  t  
 fst
Where fs 
Ts
 s

This type of pulse will allow signalling at a baud rate of D=1/Ts=2B (for Binary R=1/Ts=2B)
where B is the absolute bandwidth of the system
He(f)
1/fs

f
-fs/2 0 fs/2

fs
Absolute bandwidth is: B  MINIMUM BANDWIDTH
2
Signalling Rate is: D=1 Ts  2 B Pulses/sec
NYQUIST’S FIRST METHOD FOR ZERO ISI
NYQUIST’S FIRST METHOD FOR
H (f)
ZERO ISI
e
he(t) 1/fs

f
Zero crossings at non-zero integer multiples of the bit period -fs/2
0 fs/2
Since pulses are not possible to create due to:
• Infinite time duration.
• Sharp transition band in the frequency domain.

The Sinc pulse shape can cause significant ISI in the presence of timing errors.
• If the received signal is not sampled at exactly the bit instant (Synchronization
Errors), then ISI will occur.

We seek a pulse shape that:

• Has a more gradual transition in the frequency domain.
• Is more robust to timing errors.
• Yet still satisfies Nyquist’s first method for zero ISI.
RAISED COSINE-ROLLOFF NYQUIST FILTERING
Because of the difficulties caused by the Sa type pulse shape, consider other
pulse shapes which require more bandwidth such as the Raised Cosine-rolloff
Nyquist filter but they are less affected by synchrfonization errors.
The Raised Cosine Nyquist filter is defined by its rollof factor number r=fΔ/fo.

f Rb
Rolloff factor: r  Bandwidth: B (1  r )
f0 2
RAISED COSINE-ROLLOFF NYQUIST FILTERING
Now filtering requirements are relaxed because absolute bandwidth is increased.
Clock timing requirements are also relaxed.
The r=0 case corresponds to the previous Minimum bandwidth case.

1     f  f1   
He  f   1  cos  
2  2 f   


B  fo  f

f R D
Rolloff factor: r  Bandwidth: B (1  r )  (1  r )
f0 2 2
RAISED COSINE-ROLLOFF NYQUIST FILTERING
 sin 2 f 0t   cos 2 f  t 
Impulse response is given by: he  t   F  H e 
1
f    2 f 0   
  1   4 f  t  
2
 2 f 0 t

• The tails of he(t) are now

decreasing much faster than the Sa
function (As a function of t2).
• ISI due to synchronization errors
will be much lower.
RAISED COSINE-ROLLOFF NYQUIST FILTERING

Frequency response and impulse

responses of Raised Cosine pulses for
various values of the roll off parameter.

rB
r   ISI 
RAISED COSINE-ROLLOFF NYQUIST FILTERING
Illustrating the received bit stream of Raised Cosine pulse shaped transmission
corresponding to the binary stream of 1 0 0 1 0 for 3 different values of r=0, 0.5, 1.

1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
RAISED COSINE-ROLLOFF NYQUIST FILTERING
The bandwidth of a Raised-cosine (RC) rolloff pulse shape is a function of the bit
rate and the rolloff factor:
 f 
B  f o  f   f o 1     fo  1  r 
 fo 
R
B   1 r 
2
D
B   1 r  Multilevel Signalling
2

Or solving for bit rate yields the expression:

2B
R
1 r
This is the maximum transmitted bit rate when a RC-rolloff pulse shape with
Rolloff factor r is transmitted over a baseband channel with bandwidth B.
 EYE PATTERN

Eye pattern for a baseband binary data transmission system 20

 EYE PATTERN

Relationship between peak distortion and eye opening 21

CORRELATION RECEIVER

Detector or demodulator 22
CORRELATION RECEIVER

Signal transmission decoder 23

MATCHED FILTER RECEIVER

Detector part of matched filter receiver 24

MATCHED FILTER RECEIVER

An optimum receiver using matched filters in place of

correlators is called a matched-filter receiver 25
 EYE PATTERN

An optimum receiver using matched filters in place of 26

correlators is called a matched-filter receiver
 EYE PATTERN

Relationship between peak distortion and eye opening 27