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Factoring and Solving Polynomial Equations

The document discusses various methods for factoring and solving polynomial equations, including: 1) Factoring by grouping common terms; 2) Using the quadratic formula to solve quadratic equations that cannot be factored; and 3) Factoring the sum and difference of cubes using special patterns.

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Mark Francis Hernandez
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138 views13 pages

Factoring and Solving Polynomial Equations

The document discusses various methods for factoring and solving polynomial equations, including: 1) Factoring by grouping common terms; 2) Using the quadratic formula to solve quadratic equations that cannot be factored; and 3) Factoring the sum and difference of cubes using special patterns.

Uploaded by

Mark Francis Hernandez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Factoring and Solving

Polynomial Equations
Factor Polynomial Expressions
In the previous lesson, you factored various
polynomial expressions. Groupi
ng –
factor t co m m o
h n
Common terms a e first two
Factor n d t h en
two ter the last
ms.
Such as:
x – 2x = (x – 2)
3 2 x 2

x – x – 3x + 3x =
4 3 2 x(x 3
– x 2
– 3x + 3)
= x[x 2
(x – 1) – 3(x – 1)]
Comm
Factor
on
= x(x 2
– 3)(x – 1)
Solving Polynomial Equations
The expressions on the previous slide are
now equations:

y = x3 – 2x2 and y = x4 – x3 – 3x2 +3x

To solve these equations, we will be solving


for x when y = 0.
Solve
Let y = 0
y = x3 – 2x2 Common factor
0 = x3 – 2x2 Separate the factors and set
0 = x2(x – 2) them equal to zero.

Solve for x
x2 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
x=0 x=2

Therefore, the roots are 0 and 2.


Solve
y = x4 – x3 – 3x2 + 3x Let y = 0
0 = x4 – x3 – 3x2 + 3x Common factor
0 = x(x3 – x2 – 3x + 3) Group
0 =x[x2(x – 1) – 3(x – 1)]
0 = x(x – 1)(x2 – 3) Separate the factors and set
them equal to zero.
x = 0 or x – 1 = 0 or x2 – 3 = 0 Solve for x
x=0 x=1 x=  3

Therefore, the roots are 0, 1 and


±1.73
The Quadratic Formula

 b  b 2  4ac
x where a  0
2a

For equations in quadratic form: ax2 + bx + c = 0, we can use


the quadratic formula to solve for the roots of the equation.

This equation is normally used when factoring is not an


option.
Using the Quadratic Formula
Solve the following cubic equation:
y = x3 + 5x2 – 9x Can this equation be to solve for x
We still need
factored?here. Can this equation be
0 =YES
x(xit2 can
+ 5x– – 9) factored?
x =common
0 factor.
x2 + 5x – 9 = 0
No. however,
We can, There are no usetwo
the quadratic formula.
integers that will multiply
a = 1to -9 andadd
( 5) to
 5.
( 5)2  4(1)( 9) Remember, the
x
(2)(1) root 0 came from
b=5 an earlier step.
5  61
x
c = -9 2 Therefore, the roots are 0, 6.41 and
x  6.41,  1.41 -1.41.
Factoring Sum or Difference of
Cubes
If you have a sum or difference of cubes such as a3 + b3 or
a3 – b3, you can factor by using the following patterns.

Sum of Two Cubes


a 3  b3  (a  b)(a 2  ab  b 2 )
Difference of Two Cubes
a  b  (a  b)(a  ab  b )
3 3 2 2

Note: The first and last term are cubed and these are binomials.
Example
Factor x3 + 343.
Note: This is a binomial. Are the first and last terms
cubed? 3 x 3  x 3
343  7
a 3  b 3  (a  b)(a 2  ab  b 2 )

x3 + 343 = (x)3 + (7)3


= ( x + 7 )( x2 - 7x + 49)
Example
Factor 64a4 – 27a
= a(64a3 – 27)
Note: Binomial. Is the
first and last terms
cubes?
= a( (4a)3 – (3)3)
Note: a3  b3  (a  b)(a 2  ab  b 2 )
= a( 4a - 3)( 16a2 + 12a + 9 )
Factor by Grouping
Some four term polynomials can be factor by grouping.

Example. Factor 3x3 + 7x2 +12x + 28


Step 1 Pair the terms.
(3 x 3  7 x 2 )  (12 x  28)
Step 2 Factor out common factor from each pair.
x 2 (3x  7)  4(3x  7)

Identical factors
Step 3 Factor out common factor from each term.

(3 x  7)( x 2  4)
Example
Factor 3x3 + 7x2 -12x - 28

Step 1 (3 x 3  7 x 2 )  (12 x  28)


Note: Subtraction is
the same as adding a
negative
Step 2 x 2 (3 x  7)  (4)(3x  7)
Step 3 (3x  7)( x 2  4)
Note: This factor can
(3x  7)( x  2)( x  2) be further factored
Solving Polynomial Equations
Solve x 3  2 x 2  9 x  18

Set equation equal to zero.


x 3  2 x 2  9 x  18  0
Factor.
( x 3  2 x 2 )  ( 9 x  18)  0
x 2 ( x  2)  ( 9)( x  2)  0
( x 2  9)( x  2)  0
( x  3)( x  3)( x  2)  0
Set each factor equal to zero and solve.
( x  3)  0 ( x  3)  0 ( x  2)  0
x  3 x3 x  2

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