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NAME 157: Hydrostatics & Stability

This document provides information about hydrostatics and ship stability concepts from a naval architecture perspective. It defines key terms like metacentre, metacentric height, righting moment, overturning moment, and center of buoyancy. It also explains the concepts of equilibrium, including stable, unstable, and neutral conditions. Various stability calculations are outlined, along with definitions of terms used in stability analysis like waterplane area, moment of inertia, and trim change properties.

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M HASIN ISHMAM JEET
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347 views28 pages

NAME 157: Hydrostatics & Stability

This document provides information about hydrostatics and ship stability concepts from a naval architecture perspective. It defines key terms like metacentre, metacentric height, righting moment, overturning moment, and center of buoyancy. It also explains the concepts of equilibrium, including stable, unstable, and neutral conditions. Various stability calculations are outlined, along with definitions of terms used in stability analysis like waterplane area, moment of inertia, and trim change properties.

Uploaded by

M HASIN ISHMAM JEET
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NAME 157

HYDROSTATICS &
STABILITY
Md. Yasir Arafat
Asst. Engineer (Naval Architect)
Chittagong Dry Dock Ltd
B Sc in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering (BUET)
MBA (Finance)
NUMBER DISTRIBUTION

 Class Participation 5%
 Mid Term 15%

 Class Test/Assignment 20%


 Final Examination 60%
CONCEPTS OF EQUILIBRIUM
Stable
 It is possible to balance a
pencil on its point on a flat
surface

 When the pencil lies on its


flat end, if the pencil is very
slightly inclined, CG may still
lie within the limits of the
base and pencil will tend to
return to upright
CONCEPTS OF EQUILIBRIUM
Stable
 The only times a ship may
be assumed to be stationary
and upright are before
launching and in dry dock

 Ship is always rolling

 Weight acts downward


through G

 Upthrust acts upward


through B
CONCEPTS OF EQUILIBRIUM
Stable

 Weight = Upthrust

 G and B act in the same


vertical line

 This condition/situation is
called equilibrium
CONCEPTS OF EQUILIBRIUM
Stable
 Ship is inclined to an angle
θ

 G remains in the same


position

 B moves to B1

 Buoyancy acts up through


B1
CONCEPTS OF EQUILIBRIUM
Stable
 For small angles of heel,
up to about 10 degree,
vertical through B1 intersects
the centreline at M

 M is called transverse
metacentre

 GZ = GM sinθ

 GZ is a function of GM,
GM is independent of θ, GZ
depends on θ
CONCEPTS OF EQUILIBRIUM
Stable
 Initial Stability is expressed
in terms of GM

 GM is called the
metacentric height

 GM is positive when G lies


below M – Vessel is stable

 Ship with small metacentric


height will have small
righting lever, roll easily –
tender ship
CONCEPTS OF EQUILIBRIUM
Stable

 Ship with large metacentric


height will have large righting
lever, will have resistance to
rolling – stiff ship

 Stiff ship – uncomfortable,


have small rolling period,
may cause in structural
damage
CONCEPTS OF EQUILIBRIUM
Unstable

If G lies above M, moment


acts in the opposite
direction, increase the angle
of heel

 Vessel in this
condition/situation is
unstable, will not return to
the upright, GM is negative
CONCEPTS OF EQUILIBRIUM
Neutral Equilibrium
If G and M coincide, no
moment on the ship

 Ship will remain inclined to


angle θ

 Vessel in this
condition/situation is neutral
equilibrium

 Reduction in the height of


G make the ship stable, rise
in G will make it unstable
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
 Is the point at which the whole weight of the object
may be regarded as acting
 If an object is suspended from this point, it will
remain balanced and will not tilt
CENTRE OF GRAVITY
CG from axis Moment of weight about axis
Total weight
[Moment is the
Moment of Mass about axis
expression
involving the Total mass
product of a Moment of volume about axis
distance and a Total volume
physical Moment of area about axis
quantity]
Total area

Position of CG of a ship may be found by taking


moments of the individual masses
DISPLACEMENT & CENTRE OF BUOYANCY

 When a ship is floating at rest, the mass of the


ship is equal to the mass of the volume of water
displaced by the ship and is therefore known as
the displacement of the ship

 The force of buoyancy acts at the centre of


buoyancy, which is the centre of gravity of the
underwater volume of the ship
INTERACTION BETWEEN WEIGHT & BUOYANCY

 If the buoyant force is greater than the


object's weight, the object rises to the surface and
floats

 If the buoyant force is less than the object's weight,


the object sinks

 If the buoyant force equals the object's weight, the


object can remain suspended at its present depth
(submerged equilibrium)
RIGHTING MOMENT

The Righting Moment is the best measure of a


ship's overall stability. It describes the ship's true
tendency to resist inclination and return to
equilibrium. The Righting Moment is equal to the
ship’s Righting Arm (GZ) multiplied by the ship’s
displacement (∆).

Righting Moment = GZ x ∆
OVERTURNING MOMENT

Overturning moment is the maximum


heeling moment the ship could undertake, which
also represents the limits for the ship to withstand
heeling moment in the most dangerous situations.

If the heeling moment reaches or exceeds this


criterion, the ship will overturn.
DEFINITIONS/TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY

Metacentre
 
When a ship heels, the centre of
buoyancy of the ship moves laterally.
It might also move up or down with
respect to the water line. The point at
which a vertical line through the
heeled centre of buoyancy crosses
the line through the original, vertical
centre of buoyancy is the metacentre.
The metacentre remains directly
above the centre of buoyancy by
definition.
DEFINITIONS/TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY

Metacentric Height (GM)

Distance between Centre (G) of Gravity and the


Metachentre (M).

Transverse and longitudinal metacentric


heights [GM (T) & GM (L)]
 
There is also a similar consideration in the movement of the
metacentre forward and aft as a ship pitches. Metacentres
are usually separately calculated for transverse (side to
side) rolling motion and for lengthwise longitudinal pitching
motion. These are known as GM (T) and GM (L).
DEFINITIONS/TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY

Transverse BM [BM (T)]

Height of the transverse metacenter above the center of


buoyancy.

BM = I / ∇
I = the second moment of the waterplane area about the
centerline
∇ = ship’s volume of displacement
DEFINITIONS/TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY

Longitudinal centre of buoyancy from midship


(LCB)

The centre of volume of fluid displaced by a ship is known


as the centre of buoyancy; its projection in the plan is
known as longitudinal centre of buoyancy. It is given as
distance forward or aft of midship and is represented by the
longitudinal centroid of the curve of immersed cross-
sectional areas.
DEFINITIONS/TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY

Vertical centre of buoyancy above base line (V


CB)

The centre of volume of fluid displaced by a ship is known


as the centre of buoyancy; its projection in the section is
known as vertical centre of buoyancy. It is given as the
distance above the keel denoted by KB and is represented
by the vertical centroid of the Water plane area curve.

By Morrishes approximate formula;


VCB below the waterline = 1/3(d/2+∇/AW)
Where, d = draught in m
            ∇ = volume of displacement in m3
            AW = Water plane area in m2
DEFINITIONS/TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY

Water plane area (AW)

Water plane area is the area of the horizontal plane which


passes through a floating ship on a level with the waterline.
The water plane area at any draught is calculated by
simpson’s rule using the half breadths at ordinate stations.
DEFINITIONS/TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY

Longitudinal centre of floatation from midship


(LCF)

Longitudinal centre of floatation is the centroid of the water


plane and is the axis about which a ship changes trim when
a mass is added, removed or moved longitudinally.
DEFINITIONS/TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY

Tonne per centimeter immersion (TPC)

The tonne per centimeter immersion of a ship at any given


draught is the mass required to increase the mean draught
by 1 centimeter.

TPC = (AW*ρ)/100

TPC= AW×ρ100

For seawater ρ = 1.025 ton/m3

∴TPC in sea water = 0.01025×AW


DEFINITIONS/TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY

Moment of inertia (I)

The second moment of area of a water plane, commonly


known as moment of inertia, is a measure of the resistance
of a water plane to a change in its state of rest. The
moment of inertia is found by putting the cube of the half
breadths through Simpson’s multipliers. The sum of these
products is multiplied by h/3, by two for both sides and by
1/3 which is a factor in water plane inertia.
DEFINITIONS/TERMINOLOGY ON STABILITY

Moment to change trim by 1 cm (MCTI)

Moment to change trim by 1 cm is the change of trim in


inches, caused by the application of a moment.

MCT1 cm = (∆*GML )/12L

MCT1"= ∆GML12L
THANK YOU

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