CHAPTER 3

Learning from Others and Reviewing

the Literature
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

Desired Learning Outcomes

At the end of the Chapter, you are able to
  select relevant literatures.
 cite related literature using standard
 synthesize information from relevant literature.
 write coherent review of literature.
 follow ethical standards in writing related literature.
 illustrate and explain the conceptual framework.
  present written RRL and conceptual framework.
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

LITERATURE REVIEW
It is an in- depth examination of texts to identify and
investigate more critical elements where current
understanding is unclear and which the new research
can address.

The objective of the review is to identify, criticize

and synthesize the most recent, relevant and
authoritative texts related to the research being
undertaken.
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

PURPOSES OF LITERATURE REVIEW

To demonstrate familiarity with a body of knowledge

To show the path of prior research and how a current is

linked to it

To integrate and summarize what is known in an area

To learn from others and stimulate new ideas.

Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

LITERATURE REVIEW
How to Evaluate
Articles Conditions that can affect or
influence your reading are:
 The article is a high- quality article
Examine the title.
with a well- defined purpose,
showing clear writing.
Read the abstract.  You are sharply focused on a
particular issue or question.
 You have a solid theoretical
Read the article. background.
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

SOURCES OF LITERATURE REVIEW

Primary sources
Letters, correspondences, diaries, memoirs,
autobiographies, official or research topics, patents and
designs and empirical research articles
Secondary sources
Academic journal articles, conference proceedings,
books, documentaries
Tertiary sources
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, handbooks
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

LITERATURE REVIEW PROCESS

1. Select a topic.

2. Select and choose literature.

3. Analyze and interpret literature.

4. Write the review.

Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

THE NEED FOR CITING SOURCES

to avoid plagiarism

to assign proper authority to a statement,

which adds weight to your paper
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

Reasons for Appropriate Referencing

Adds authority to your work

 Demonstrates understanding of relevant literature

 Enables the reader to track down the original sources

 Ensures that you write in an ethical manner

Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

YOU CITE WHEN YOU

use a direct quote

paraphrase

summarize

use facts or statistics that are relatively less known

or relate directly to your argument .
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

COMMON CITATIONS FORMAT

Comparison APA Style MLA Style Chicago Style
Overall Education, Psychology, Humanities like English Business, History and
Context/Use Social Science or Fine Arts
Literature
Reference Page References Works Cited Bibliography
Capitalization Capitalize all major words Capitalize the first , last, Capitalize according to
when mentioning books and and all the principal headline style: capitalize the
articles within the body of words. first , last, and all the
your paper. principal words.
Ex: Citing Sources: A
Ex: Citing sources: A Quick Guide for Ex: “Citing Sources: A
quick guide for students Students Quick Guide for
Students”
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

COMMON CITATIONS FORMAT

Comparison APA Style MLA Style Chicago Style
Title page Title page required: No title page required: Title page should include
Length is less than 12 on page one of the full title of work with
words, upper and lower paper, type your name, subtitle (if any), the
case your instructor’s name, name of the author,
letters, centered, the course number, and editor, or translator, and
upper half of page; include the date on separate the name and location of
author’s line flush left and the publisher, do not
name and institutional double-spaced; beneath include date of
affiliation, author note, that, type the title, publication and a page
running head; title centered in regular number on this page
page is page 1, noted font.
in the page header.
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

COMMON CITATIONS FORMAT

Comparison APA Style MLA Style Chicago Style
Table page Uses bold for label and The same as APA but Both the label and the title appear
number and then the the label and title and in in regular font on the same line.
title is in italic. regular font. Long titles
that break to a second
line are in hanging
indent.
Margins one inch on all sides; One inch on all sides; All text should be flush-
lines should be flush- do not justify right left; margins at least 1
left, maximum line margin inch on all four sides of
length is 6.5 inches text
Line Spacing Double space Double space Double space
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

COMMON CITATIONS FORMAT

Comparison APA Style MLA Style Chicago Style
Thesis Empirical Study: offers the author’s / Your thesis There is no specific
statement researcher’s hypothesis statement should be guidelines but, your
Literature Review: identifies relations, a coherent idea that thesis statement
contradictions, gaps, etc. between conveys your topic should indicate the
published research results and your point of main idea or claim of
Theoretical Article: expands, refines, or view; should your paper, both
presents a new theory Methodological answer whatever introducing your topic
Article: presents new methodological central question or of discussion and
approaches or offers modifications of problem you have making some sort of
existing methods raised. arguable statement
Case Study: offers a solution to an about that topic.
established problem
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

COMMON CITATIONS FORMAT

Comparison APA Style MLA Style Chicago Style
Page Number Number all the pages Number all pages Each page of manuscript
consecutively starting with the consecutively in upper must be numbered
title page using Arabic right-hand corner of page, consecutively.
numerals; include page number one half inch from the top
in running head; short version of and flush right; precede
title, followed by 5 spaces and page numbers with your
page no., maximum of 50 last name.
characters including spaces and
punctuation.
Author names in
Smith, A. Smith, Anna. Smith, Anna.
reference
In-text citations (Smith, 2019, p.25)
(Smith 25) (Smith 2019, 25)
Examples
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

COMMON CITATIONS FORMAT

Comparison APA Style MLA Style Chicago Style
Page Number Number all the pages Number all pages Each page of manuscript
consecutively starting with the consecutively in upper must be numbered
title page using Arabic right-hand corner of page, consecutively.
numerals; include page number one half inch from the top
in running head; short version of and flush right; precede
title, followed by 5 spaces and page numbers with your
page no., maximum of 50 last name.
characters including spaces and
punctuation.
Author names in Smith, A. Smith, Anna. Smith, Anna.
reference
In-text citations (Smith, 2019, p.25) (Smith 25) (Smith 2019, 25)
Examples
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

SYNTHESIZING INFORMATION FROM

RELEVANT LITERATURE
To synthesize is
to draw conclusion about the findings in related
literature review to identify how the literature
addresses your research question.

to examine a number of studies and note aspects

that are of related to you own work
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

SYNTHESIZING INFORMATION FROM

RELEVANT LITERATURE
To synthesize is
to state a conclusion about the similarities and
differences in the studies that you review.

to bring together materials from different sources and

create an integrated whole out of them.
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

TYPES OF SYNTHESES
Explanatory synthesis.
presents the facts in a reasonably objective manner that
entail descriptions, sequence of events or state of affairs.

Argument synthesis.
Presents ones own point of view supported with relevant
facts , which may be debatable.
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

CATEGORIES OF SOURCES (Fraenkel,

2015)
Documents. annual reports, books, artwork,
cartoons, circulars, records, diaries, notebooks,
etc.

Numerical Record. test scores, attendance

figures, census reports, school budgets, etc.
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

CATEGORIES OF SOURCES (Fraenkel,

2015)
Oral Statements. stories, myths, tales, legends,
chants, songs, etc.

Relics. any object where physical or visual

characteristics can provide some information
about the past.
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

HOW TO WRITE A SYNTHESIS

Consider your purpose in writing.

Select and read carefully your sources, according to

your purpose.

Formulate a thesis.

Decide how you will use plan source material and

take down notes.
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

HOW TO WRITE A SYNTHESIS

Develop an organizational plan according to
your thesis.

Write the first draft of your synthesis,

following your organizational plan.

Revise your synthesis.

Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

TECHNIQUES FOR WRITING A

SYNTHESIS
Summary

Example or Illustration

Two (or more) Reasons

Comparison and Contrast

Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

SAMPLE SYNTHESIS MATRI

The synthesis
matrix is a chart Topic: ____________________________
that will allow you IDEAS SOURCE 1 SOURCE 2 SOURCE 3
to sort and MAIN IDEA A

categorize the MAIN IDEA B

different opinions
Across the top of the chart are the
and arguments
spaces to record sources and along
given on an issue
in relation to your the side of the chart are the spaces
study. to record the main points on the
topic being undertaken.
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING

RELATED LITERATURE
 Ethics refers to questions of right and wrong (Dempster
and Hanna, 2016).

 Ethical behavior refers to adherence to rules or

standards for right conduct or practice (Frankel and
Waller, 2008).
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING

RELATED LITERATURE
Research misconduct includes
 plagiarism - presenting the words, data or ideas of others as if
they are the writer’s, without attribution, an act against the
Intellectual Property Rights Law.
 fabrication
 falsification
 misrepresentation of credentials in proposing, performing or
reviewing research or in reporting research results.
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

PRINCIPLES FOR RESEARCH ETHICS

(Smith, 2003)
 Discuss intellectual property frankly.

 Be conscious of multiple roles.

 Follow informed consent rules.

 Respect confidentiality and privacy.

 Tap into ethics resources.

Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

ILLUSTRATING AND EXPLAINING

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Conceptual framework
 is a blueprint that provides an outline of the plan on how to
conduct the research. It is presented in a flow chart, map or
diagram or even in a narrative format.

 introduces the relevant researches and studies and show how

your study will help to contribute to the field of research.
Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

PURPOSES OF A CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
 To clarify concepts and propose relationships among the concepts in
a study

 To provide a context for interpreting the study findings

 To explain observations

 To encourage theory development that is useful and practical

Chapter 3: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature

HOW TO WRITE THE CONCEPTUAL

FRAMEWORK
 Decide on what will be your research  Build your conceptual
topic. framework using the
variables studied in the
scientific articles you
 Go over relevant and updated studies have read. Your problem
related to your own research. statement serves as a
reference in constructing
the conceptual
 Identify the specific variables
framework.
mentioned in the literature and show
their interrelationships.
Please watch the video as listed
in the Supplementary Materials
to enhance your knowledge in
writing Chapter 2

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!!