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Hydrosphere

Water is a precious resource that is unevenly distributed around the world. The hydrologic cycle recycles water between the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere through processes like evaporation and precipitation. However, increasing human water usage, climate change, and other factors are exacerbating water shortages in many regions. By 2025, two-thirds of the world's population may live in water-stressed countries. Solutions are needed to ensure access to clean, sustainable sources of freshwater.

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79 views34 pages

Hydrosphere

Water is a precious resource that is unevenly distributed around the world. The hydrologic cycle recycles water between the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere through processes like evaporation and precipitation. However, increasing human water usage, climate change, and other factors are exacerbating water shortages in many regions. By 2025, two-thirds of the world's population may live in water-stressed countries. Solutions are needed to ensure access to clean, sustainable sources of freshwater.

Uploaded by

hyas
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Hydrosphere

Subtitle
Water is a marvelous substance—flowing, rippling, swirling around obstacles in its path, seeping,
dripping, trickling, constantly moving from sea to land and back again.

Water is the most beautiful and precious resource.

Water is also a great source of conflict.

Some 2 billion people now live on countries with insufficient fresh water.

Some experts estimate this number could double in 25 years.


Add a Slide Title - 2

• THE EARTH’S • How much water is on our planet?

WATER • 70% of the earth’s surface is covered


with water.
• 97.6% of that water is saltwater
• 2.4% is freshwater
Where does our water come from, and
why is it so unevenly distributed? Click icon to add picture

EARTH SYSTEM- THE


INTERACTION OF THE SPHERES
OF THE EARTH.

o THE SPHERES INVOLVED


IN THE HYDROLOGIC
CYCLE ARE:
• LITHOSPHERE
• HYDROSPHERE
• CRYOSPHERE
• BIOSPHERE
• ATMOSPHERE
• Hydrologic cycle
- the cycling of water in and out of the
atmosphere and between all the earth’s
components.
• This is also known as the “water cycle”
• All the water on our planet is recycled.
Each molecule of water is recycled
again and again.
• Water is the primary medium by which
energy and matter move and are
circulated throughout the earth’s
components.
Hydrologic Cycle
- Evaporates from land, water, and organisms
- Enters the atmosphere
- Condenses and precipitates back the earth’s surface
- When water falls as precipitation on land either
1. moves underground by infiltration
2. overland by runoff into rivers, lakes and seas
What is needed for the hydrologic cycle to occur?

ENER
• water gains energy: GY
• during evaporation

• water releases energy:


• during condensation
• that energy release forms clouds
MAJOR WATER COMPARTMENTS
• The distribution of water often is described in
terms of interacting compartments in which water
resides, sometimes briefly and sometimes for
eons.

• OCEANS
contains more than 97% of all liquid water in
the world
contain 90% of world’s living biomass
moderate the earth’s temperature
average residence time of water in the
ocean is about 3,000 years
WATER USE IS INCREASING
• In contrast to energy resources, which usually are consumed when used, water can be used over and over if it is not too badly
contaminated.
• Water withdrawal is the total amount of water taken from a water body. Much of this water could be returned to circulation in a
reusable form.
• Water consumption is loss of water due to evaporation, absorption, or contamination.

• Many societies have always treated water as an inexhaustible resource


• Natural cleansing and renewing functions of hydrologic cycle do not work properly if systems are
overloaded or damaged
• Renewal of water takes time
• Rate at which we are now using water makes conservation necessary
Water use is divided into
agriculture, industrial use
and domestic use.
Worldwide, crop irrigation is
responsible for 2/3 of water
withdrawal and 85% of
consumption

In Bulacan

in Quezon

In Bohol
In Miagao, Iloilo
Irrigation infrastructure, such as dams, canals, pumps, and reservoirs, is expensive. In the United States,
the federal government has taken responsibility for providing irrigation for nearly a century. The
argument for doing so is that irrigated agriculture is a public good that cannot be provided by individual
farmers.
Domestic and industrial water use is greatest in wealthy countries

 In wealthy countries, each person uses about 500 to 800 L per day (180,000 to
280,000 L per year), far more than in developing countries (30 to 150 L per
day).
• In North America the largest single use of domestic water is toilet flushing.
• On average, each person in the United States uses about 50,000 L (13,000 gal)
of drinking-quality water annually to flush toilets. Bathing accounts for nearly a
third of water use, followed by laundry and washing.
Domestic Use
Industrial Use
WATER ACCOUNTS OF THE PHILIPPINES
• Total water abstraction increased by 12.3%
from 2010-2019

98.9% for own use

1.1% for other economic units


• Water abstracted for own use also increased

• 57.8% - power sector


• 33.9% - agricultural sector
• 5.6% - mining & quarrying manufacturing
& construction
• 2.7% -households
• Amount of water for distribution also
increased
• 55.0% - households
• 31.5% - service sector
• 12.5% - mining & quarrying,
manufacturing & construction
• 1% - sectors of agriculture & power
Freshwater Shortages
• Clean drinking water and basic sanitation are necessary to prevent communicable diseases and to
maintain a healthy life.
• For many of the world’s poorest people, one of the greatest environmental threats to health
remains the continued use of polluted water.
• The United Nations estimates that at least a billion people lack access to safe drinking water and
2.5 billion don’t have adequate sanitation.
The WHO considers an average of 1,000 m3 (264,000 gal) per person per year to be a necessary
amount of water for modern domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses.
Some 45 countries, most of them in Africa or the Middle East, cannot meet the minimum
essential water needs of all their citizens.

• These deficiencies result in hundreds of millions of cases of water-related illness and more than 5
million deaths every year.
• As populations grow, more people move into cities, and agriculture and industry compete for
increasingly scarce water supplies, water shortages are expected to become even worse.
• By 2025 two-thirds of the world’s people may be
living in countries that are water-stressed—defined by
the United Nations as consumption of more than 10%
of renewable freshwater resources.

• One of the United Nations Millennium goals is to


reduce by one-half the proportion of people without
reliable access to clean water and improved sanitation.

• At least 45 countries , mostly in Africa and the Middle


east, are considered to have serious water stress.
• Causes of water shortages include natural deficits,
overconsumption by agriculture or industry, and
inadequate funds for purifying and delivering good
water.
GROUNDWATER IS BEING DEPLETED
• It is the source of nearly 40% of the fresh water for
agricultural and domestic use in US.

• Nearly half of all Americans and about 95% of the rural


population depend on groundwater for drinking and other
domestic purposes.
Saltwater intrusion is the movement of saline
water into freshwater aquifers, which can lead
to groundwater quality degradation, including
drinking water sources, and other
consequences.

an aquifer is a body of rock or sediment that is


completely saturated – water is in it and all around
it. It can be made of sand, gravel, sandstone, or
other rocks that store and transmit water.
• Dams often have severe environmental and social impacts

• Before 1900 there were 250 high dams in the world; today there
are more than 45,000

• Provide cheap hydroelectric power

• Jobs

• Reduce flooding

• Allow farming on lands that would otherwise be too dry

• Reservoirs in hot, dry climates lose tremendous amounts of water


to evaporation.

• Dam projects have forced people from their homes and land, and
many are still suffering the impacts of dislocation years after it
occurred, often the people being displaced are ethnic minorities.

• There’s increasing concern that big dams in seismically active


areas can trigger earthquakes.

• Dams are also lethal for migratory fish, such as salmon .

• Adult fish are blocked from migrating to upstream spawning


areas, and juvenile fish die if they go through hydroelectric
turbines.
Climate change threatens water supplies
• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns us that climate change threatens to exacerbate water
shortages caused by population growth, urban sprawl, wasteful practices, and pollution.

• The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report predicted with “very high confidence” that reduced precipitation and higher
evaporation rates caused by higher temperatures will result in a 10 to 30 % runoff reduction over the next 50 years in
some dry regions at mid-latitudes .

• In many parts of the world, severe droughts are already resulting in depleted rivers, empty reservoirs, and severe water
shortages for millions of people.

• South Australia, for example, is suffering from extreme heat waves, dying vegetation, massive wildland fires, and
increasing water deficits.

• In Yemen, the national capital, Sanaa, may have to be abandoned because it has no water to support its rapidly growing
population of more than 2 million. Yemen depends entirely on groundwater, which is rapidly being depleted. Some
wells in Sanaa are now 800 to 1,000 meters deep and many are no longer usable because of the sinking water table.

• A more dire situation is taking place in Somalia where a severe drought threatens 10 million people. Hardest hit is the
southwestern region where Somalia, Ethiopia, and Kenya meet. The U.N. refugee agency called this the “worst
humanitarian disaster” in the world.

• The agency estimates that 2 million children are severely malnourished and in need of lifesaving action.
Increasing Water Supplies
• A technology that might have great potential for increasing freshwater supplies is
desalination of ocean water or brackish saline lakes and lagoons.
Middle Eastern oil-rich states produce about 60 % of desalinated water.

• Domestic conservation can save water

• Recycling can reduce consumption

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