STRUCTURE AND

WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS
Strategies for Structure and Written Expressions
Structure
 Structure
 questions 1-15
 complete the sentence in a grammatically correct way
 Strategies
 Look at the answer choices first
 Study the sentence.

E.g.:
1. … was backed up for miles on the freeway.
a. Yesterday c. Traffic
b. In the morning d. Cars
10-Point Checklist of Problem Areas

1. Check for the subject and verb (both present; neither repeated)
2. Check verb agreement, tense, and form
3. Check for full subordination
4. Check for verbals
5. Check pronoun form, agreement, and reference
6. Check word form
7. Check word order
8. Check for parallel structure
9. Check for unnecessary repetition
10. Check for correct usage
living - students - cards - in - the -
are - room - Some - playing .
Some students are playing cards
in the living room.
in - comics - Chris - his - reads -
bedroom.
Chris reads comics in his
bedroom.
Noun: thing, person, quality
 A book has pages
s v
 His goodness can’t be forgotten

s v
 Water is very needed

s v
PRONOUN: He, she, they, it
 He reads a book.
s v
PRONOUN =
 They help us KATA GANTI

s v
 It makes me happy
s v
GERUND :
Ing-form of a verb function as a noun

 Cooking is my hobby
s v
 Studying English is difficult
s v
 Swimming makes me hungry
s v

Bentuk –ING disini disebut GERUND, yaitu KATA BENDA yang

berasal dari KATA KERJA DASAR + ing
Yang berfungsi (menduduki) sebagai SUBJEK
Infinitive : Form of verb
 To write a letter is not difficult
s v
 To buy a car needs a lot of money
s v
 To go to Bali makes me happy.
s v
Noun clause :
komponen kalimat sebagai kata benda

 That you invited me makes me happy

s v
 That all the passengers survive the crash is miraculous
s v
 What he said confused me
s v
 TENTUKAN SUBJEK SEBAGAI: PROUNOUN,
INFINITIVE, GERUND, NOUN CLAUSE, NOUN

on He
1.oun is the new director of the institute
pr
inf2. To get angry is not the solution
gerund
3. Falling in love is a beautiful experience.
Noun4. Her performance attracts people’s attention
NC 5. Who ever come to the party will get a present
NC 6. That you invite me makes me happy.
PR 7. It tells us about the history.
NC 8. What they have done confused the teacher
CARILAH SUBJEKNYA
1. The robbers ran into an empty house
2. Deep down the earth lie deposits of uranium
3. There is a new student in my class.
4. The municipal auditorium is located on Town
Lake
5. Near the school stands a museum
6. Hans and Mary have finished their study
Kata kerja (v), bukan kata kerja (x), kata kerja &
lainnya (vv)

1. Cigarette x 12. Trip x

2. Visit vv vv 13. Write v
3.

4.
House
Dance vv 14. Drink vv
5. Watch vv 15. Passenger x
6. Smoke vv 16. Continue v
Can x
7.

Begin v 17. Sleep v

8.
vv 18. Live vv
9. Laugh
Sing v 19. Large x
v
10.

11. become 20. study vv

Noun atau Verb
1. We went for
N
a walk in the country.
2.
V
They walk under the trees. N
3. The painter exhibited his works in a gallery.
4.
V her young carefully
An eagle usually mothers
during the first week.
N
5. The baby’s cry gets
N attention of the passengers.
6. The president’s visit is meant to strengthen the two
country relation.
V
7. Mrs. Hans waters her plants every morning.
 V
8. We have to book the hotel a week before.
9.
N
Recent studies show that students are more active in
the class. N
10. At the last minute, a swift kick by one player tied
the game.V
11. They paint the Vwall with a bright color.
12. The farmers seedVtheir fields with wheat.
13. The manager fired the secretary without any clear
explanation. V
14. Have you packed your things. N
15. The state television begins its broadcast at seven
o’clock every Sunday.
CLAUSE:
Kalimat tidak berdiri sendiri (: subjek+ predikat)

PHRASE:
Kelompok kata tidak mempunyai S dan P
1. Experience is a good teacher. c
2. Before dawn ph
3. To drive fast ph
4. The woman brings a basket. c
5. Once or twice a week. ph
6. Smoking harms your lungs. c
7. Babies need milk. c
8. Catching a fish
ph
9. Feel hungry
ph
 Cars cost a lot of money c
 Meditation needs concentration. c
 To write a letter. ph
 From time to time ph
 Get sick. ph
 He moved slowly. c
 To enter costs five dollars. c
 Boxing needs strength. c
 Selling books. ph
Correct, or wrong
1. Fertilizer is precious for the farmers. c
2. x
Clara she buys a book.
3. These are simple sentences. c
Is bought
4. This book bought by younger sister.
5. x
The students they study in the class.
6. They are happy. c
7. a
She is reading s book.
8. x
Eating regularly it helps dieters.
9. Friendship needs understanding.
Is always
c
10. She always honest.
11. On the table lies a book. c
12. The dog with its three puppies.
13. The car xit is sold.
14. They invited to the party.
Are invited
15. Drinking milk is good for health. c
16. Mary and John students.
Are students
x is hot.
17. Fire it

18.the x is read by clara.

A book it
19. Marriages require cooperation. c
20. Camping is fun. c
x
21. They teachers.
are teachers
Kelompok kata yang memisahkan subjek dan
predikat

1. One of the men in the room brings a big suitcase.

2. Toyota Kijang, an Indonsian car, has four
headlights.
3. Furits, such as banana and pineapple, grow well
in Indonesia.
4. The composer of this song is a lecturer in my
school..
5. Elton John, the famous singer, grew up in
England.
1. The report on my table is about our contract with
a company
2. The tea in this box comes from Indonesia.
3. Cancer, according to a recent survey, has killed
million people around the world since it was
found for the first time.
4. The neighbors across the street have three
children.
5. The car in the garage needs to be repaired.
6. Sara Simon, the famous psychic, appeared in a
special television program two days ago.
 SIMPLE SENTENCE
Subject (S) + Predicate (P) + Object (O)/Comp + Adverb (Adv)

Subject Predicate Object/Complement Adverb

Some of the books are good
Swimming is a good exercise
To be
The first Persian carpet was very expensive
A lot of my friends were in the laboratory
Martha watches TV every evening
Birds and bats fly To do
What they found surprised me
My older brother has stayed in Adelaide for three years
To have
My friends have lived in Boston since 2008
One of the participants will ask some questions
Modals
Subject Verb Agreement
 is working hard.
Everyone in the class _____
 are several universities in this city.
There _____
 are employed by the
A number of doctors _____
hospital.
 is growing.
The number of female doctors _____
 The number of days of vacation provided to
remains constant from year
university employees _____
to year. (remains, remain)
1. X
Everyone (receive/receives) a book.
2. X expensive
Neither of these books (is/are)
3. X member of
Every man and woman (is/are)
the society.
4. X a book.
Each student and teacher (has/have)
5. X the robbers who robbed the
It (was/were)
jewelry stone.
6. X his parents who worries about.
It (is/are)
Together with, in addition to, along with,
as well as, except and of the most
1. The woman together with her daughters (is/are)
X
leaving the room.
2. X
Everyone except her (bring/brings) a book.
3. X in the classroom.
Jono as well as Adam (is/are)
HERE AND THERE
4. X no post office.
There (is/are)
5. X
Here (is/are) the books you gave yesterday.
Plural subjects
1. A black BMW and a silver Toyota (is/are) X on
display.
2. Both sharks and whalesX (is/are) becoming extinct.
3. Both X(is/are) the best students in the class.
4. X to the party.
Only a few (come/comes)
5. X not bring their books.
Many (do/does)
Always plural in form
Clothes:
trousers, pants, jeans, sunglasses
Tools :
scissors, pliers, tweezers,
Abstract :
riches, thanks, means, justice
Tetapi : singular dengan:
A pair of…,
A word of…
1. His pants X
(is/are) still at the tailors.
2. X clean.
That pair of pants (is/are)
3.
X enough for him,
Your thanks (is/are)
4. X enough
a word of thanks (is/are)
Alternative: neither…nor, either…or, not only…but
also…

1. x at
Neither my brothers nor my sister (is/are)
home. s1 s2
2. Either my sister or my brothers x(go/goes)
school. s1 s2
3. Not only the students but also the teacher
s1
x coming the graduation. s2
(is/are)
 None, all, some, any,
majority, most, half

1. x
All of the bags (has/have) been sold.
2. x in the bank.
All the money (is/are)

A number, the number

3. x
A number of students (is/are) missing from
campus. x
4. The number of the population (is/are) small.
 Unusual subjects : time, money, weight, volume,
plural in form but singular verb

1. x enough time to do this report.

Two days (is/are)
2. x enough to buy food.
Ten thousand rupiahs (is/are)
3. x a lot to lose in a week.
Five kilograms (is/are)
4. x
Twenty five liters of gasoline (cost/costs) a lot of
money.
 Always plural in form, singular in meaning,
so singular verbs

Academic subject : mathematics, physics, economic,

statistics, civics, etc
Decease : measles, mumps, herpes
Abstract nouns : news, ethics, politics
1. Mathematics (is/are) x my favorite subject.
2. The news (was/were) x about the economic
problem.
 Titles of books and movies, even if plural in form,
take singular verbs.

1. x a good newspaper.
Jakarta Post (is/are)
2. x a good movie
Titanic (was/were)
1. x a good strategy.
That team (has/have)
2. x working on their individual
The class (is/are)
tasks today.

Collective nouns: singular, but may be plural if the

memebrs are functioning independently. Police,
Team, committee, audience, family, faculty, class
1. x rare.
That species (is/are)
2. Those species x(is/are) common.
3. x big.
That deer (is/are)
4. x
Those deer (is/are) small.

Nouns : the same form singular and plural meaning.

The pronoun and modifiers indicate the singular
and plural in meaning
1. x spoken in Australia
English (is/are)
2. x
The English (loves/love) tea.

Noun for nationality that end with –ese, -ch, or-sh,

singular and plural depends on meaning.
Chinese, french, English
when it refers to people of the country, it takes a
plural verb , preceded by the article The
Words from other languages.
Origin Singular Plural Examples
Greek -is -es Basis (bases)
crisis (crises)
Greek -on -a criterion(criteria)
Latin -a -ae alga (algae)
vita (vitae)
Latin -um -a datum (data)
Medium (media)
Latin -ix/-ex -ices index (indices)
appendix (appendices)
Exercises : subject predicate agreement

1. x several high schools in my

there (is/are)
hometown.
2. x
A number of doctors (is/are) invited to the
seminar.
3. x to study.
Every student in the class (has/have)
4. x to pass the TOEFL.
Everyone (wants/want)
5. x to the party.
Neither of the guest (comes/come)
6. x a pure science.
Mathematics (is/are)
7. Every student except her (buys/buy)x a book.
8. x going to score above 500 on the
Many of you (is/are)
TOEFL.
9. x tail.
Not only tigers also lion (has/have)
10. x to my house.
Either my uncle or my aunt (is/are)
11. x strong enough to lift the boxes.
Few (is/are)
12. Some of the water (is/are)x used for irrigation.
13.
x smart.
All the participants (is/are)
14. x been used.
All the gasoline (has/have)
15. x
The number of the Indonesian in the class (is/are)
very large.
16. x enough for me to
Five thousand rupiahs (is/are)
buy food.
17. To extra gallons of gasoline (has/havex been
delivered.
18. x not very good.
The news (is/are)
19. Many vietnamese x (is/are) living in the United
States.
Tentukan subjek dan predikat: singular or plural
s
1. x from Australia
The family (is/are)
p
2. The criteria for promotion x(is/are) clearly stated.
p
3. x being studied by the scientist.
These bacteria (is/are)
4. Unlike Australians who seem to prefer coffee, the
pEnglish (drinks/drink)
x a great deal of tea.
5. x
Few participants (comes/come) to the seminar.p
6. x
In their statements to the press, the committee (is/are)
expressing unbelievable viewpoints.
7. x an award.
Either the singer or the composer (gets/get)
8. x
The appendices (is/are) usually found at the back
of a book.
9. x
A number of demonstrator (is/are) detained by the
police.
s
10. x too long to finish this work.
Three days (is/are)
11. x
Both apparatus (is/are) available for your use.
s
12. x one of my favorite subjects.
Statistics (is/are)
s
13. The husband as well as his wife (is/are)x a good
doctor.
p
14. x
There (is/are) several Chinese restaurants around
here
p x
15. His jeans (is/are) sill at cleaners.
16. x
Not only the students but also the teacher (is/are
questioned about the incident.
17. x used as down payment.
Some of the money (is/are)
18. x
Politics usually (attracts/attract) ambitious
individuals. x
19.
x (wants/want) to try.
Each of them
20. All deer (has/have) four legs. x
21. Neither her daughters or her son (is/are) arriving
today x
22. Both the table and the chairx(has/have) legs.
23. Supernatural phenomena (is/are) of great interest to
many people.x
24. English (is/are) heard all over the world.
Penunjuk waktu : today, two years ago mengontrol
tense dari kata kerja. Contreng yang benar

1. Unlike adult cats, kittens are fed twice a day. V

2. None of the dead woman’s immediate family V
knew what had became of her will.
3. He locked the door after he had turned off the V
lamp fixed
4.
x
They are going to fix the car two days ago.
5. After the police had arrived the students got back
to their class. x ed
6. Last night, the storm will damage the town.
 go
7. x to the zoo next Sunday.
The family will went
More short stories have been published in today’s
v
8.

newspapers.
They had sent me a letter before they visited my
v
9.

family.
10.
banquet.
x
Tomorrow night, the major will attended
attend
the

11. When a young deer was

will x
hid it well.
x motionless,
is its coloring

hide
 The secretary would have finished the report if the
x
12.
boss does not invited her to the party.
13. x
This time tomorrow I will flying to Singapore.
14. The Amazon is the longest river in the world. v
Today, the Super Powers were reducing their
v
15.

stocks of nuclear weapons.

16. Talks between both sides of the workers’ strike
ended in failure yesterday. v

x
There is a break in at the factory last night and
some money was stolen.
 Mick Tyson won the fight with a knock out in the
second round in his last night fight. v
 A philatelist is a person who collects stamps. v

x
We are going to spent the next year travelling and
may invest in a new business.


and a new car.

x
Last year, the couple plan to buy a new large house

 My wife who works as a journalist is an excellent

cook. v
Sample Questions
1. In 1736, the number of poor people in Boston
receiving public assistance _____ about 4,000
A. was
B. they were
C. it was
D. they were
2. In general, ________ have a professional
obligation to protect confidential sources of
information.

A. which journalists
B. journalists
C. journalists, they
D. journalists that
3. ________ of Elvis Presley is banned in seven
different countries across the world.

A. The music is
B. That the music
C. The music which
D. The music
4. Discovery of these ancient anthropic markings
________ our understanding of how these early
humans interacted with their environment.

A. has broadened
B. have broadened
C. broaden
D. will have broadened
5. Henry Adams, born in Boston, ___ famous as a
historian and novelist.

A. became
B. he was
C. and became
D. and he became
6. A computerized map of the freeways using
information gathered by sensors embedded in the
pavement ___ on a local cable channel during rush
hours.

A. airs
B. air
C. airing
D. to air
Practice Subject and Verb
1. … was backed up for miles on the freeway.
a. Yesterday c. Traffic
b. In the morning d. Cars
2. Buckwheat flour … the seeds of the buckwheat plant.
a. is made from c. it is from
b. from d. and
3. Engineers … for work on the new space program.
a. necessary c. hopefully
b. are needed d. next month
4. The boy … going to the movies with a friend.
a. he is c. is relaxing
b. he always was d. will be
5. Napoleon … the West Indian island of Santo
Domingo in 1801.
a. attacked c. has attacked
b. is attacking d. attacking
6. The earth spins on its axis and … 23 hours, 56
minutes, and 4.09 seconds for one complete rotation.
a. need c. needing
b. needed d. needs
7. Henry Adams, born in Boston, … famous as a
historian and novelist.
a. became c. he was
b. and became d. and he was
8. When ___ nests during spring nesting season,
Canadian geese are fiercely territorial.
a. building c. built
b. are building d. are built
9. Each object ___ jupiter’s magnetic field is deluged
with electrical charges.
a. enters c. entering
b. it enters d. enter
10. While in reality Alpha Centauri is a triple star,
___ to the naked eye to be a single.
a. it appears c. appears
b. but it appears d. despite it
 Look at the following texts!


 The overweight and obesity epidemics have have
increased significantly in the last three decades both
in the developed and developing worlds,
worlds, including
including
Indonesia.
Indonesia
• Overweight and obesity are health concepts in which
weight and height are used to calculate a number called
the body mass index (BMI). For most people, BMI is a
good estimate of body fatness. A BMI of 25 to 29.9 is
considered overweight. Furthermore, a BMI of 30 or
higher is categorized as obese.
past participles
...have increased...
...the developed worlds.
...are used to...
...is considered...
...is categorized...
 Verb Past Verb Past
Participle Participle
To be been To ride ridden
To choose chosen To ring rung
To drive driven To see seen
To fly flown To take taken
To grow grown To tear torn
To hurt hurt To throw thrown
To know known To wear worn
To forgive forgiven To write written
To break broken To steal stolen
 What is past participle?
A. The form of a verb (typically ending in -ed, -d, -t,
-en, or -n) that is used in forming perfect tenses
(present and past) and passive.

Verb Past Sample sentences

Participle
To submit submitted Some students have submitted their projects.
The projects must be submitted by this week.
To steal stolen Someone has stolen my shoes.
The shoes has been stolen.
 Error examples
WRON SENTENCE
G/RIGH
T? sung
WRONG
runten years.
He has sang in the choir for
WRONG
driven
I saw him after he had ran for five miles
WRONG
The limousine was drived by a chauffeur.
seenand not heard.
Children are to be saw
WRONG Having heard the joke before, I didn’t find
RIGHT it funny.
The class could have began
begunon time if the
teacher had not been late.
WRONG
B. It can be used as adjectives.

The stolen watch was a very expensive piece

of jewelry.
C. Perfect Participle

swum
Having swam ten laps in the Olympic pool, he was
exhausted.

been
Having to be scanned by the shopkeeper, the goods
were put into a plastic bag.

Is there anything wrong with those sentences?

Having swum ten laps in the Olympic pool, the athlete
was exhausted.
(After the athlete had swum ten laps in the Olumpic
pool, the athlete was exhausted).

Having been scanned by the shopkeeper, the goods

were put into a plastic bag.
(After the goods had been scanned by the shopkeeper,
the goods were put into a plastic bag)
Practice

 After I had completed my writing tasks, I

practiced public speaking.
 Having completed my writing tasks, I practiced
public speaking.

 When the house was seen from a distance, the

house appeared to be in a good condition.
 Seen from a distance, the house appeared to be in
a good condition.
D. Past Modal
1. Molly said that I should not have gone to that
movie.
2. “I got unsatisfactory result on my paper.”
“You should have asked your friend to
check you paper before you submitted it.”
3. “I called Andy several times but he didn’t pick up
my phone.”
“He must have been busy then.”
4. If you had been here on time, you would have
heard the news.
 Practice!

“Neneng was angry to you because you didn’t go to the

funeral.”
should have come to the funeral. I regret
“Yes I know. I...............................
it now.”

“Nanang didn’t come to work yesterday.”

His children must have been sick.
“........................................................................”

“Nining got bad result on the exam.”

The exam questions must have been difficult
“...........................................................................”
Adjective clause as a connector
 No one knew the man who were standing outside
the room.
 Pure gold, which is easily bent, is rarely used for
jewelry.
 The girl’s family disapproves of the boy whom she
wants to marry.
 The sextant is an instrument that is used by
navigators to find their location on the earth’s
surface.
1. It is the earth’s gravity that … people their weight.
a. gives c. giving
b. give d. given
2. America’s first globe maker was James Wilson,
who … and blacksmith in his earlier life.
a. a farmer had been c. farming
b. had been a farmer d. being a farmer
3. During free fall, … up to a full minute, a skydiver
will fall at a constant speed of 120 m.p.h.
a. It is c. being
b. which is d. is
Present and Past Participle
Yang berdiri
1a. The boy is standing in the corner
VERB
b. The boy standing in the corner was naughty
ADJECTIVE

2a. Some students submit the paper in time

VERB
b. Some students submitting the paper in time will get
ADJECTIVE
higher scores. Yang
menyerahkan
1a. The family has purchased the television. Yang dibeli
VERB
b. The television purchased yesterday was expensive.
ADJECTIVE

2a. The poem was written by Paul Yang ditulis

VERB
b. The poem written by Paul appeared in the magazine.
ADJECTIVE
1. The child … playing in the yard is my son
a. now c. he
b. is d. was
2. The packages … mailed at the post office will
arrive Monday.
a. have c. them
b. were d. just
Comparative
 Comparative and superlative
 The violin is a small instrument
 The violin is smaller than cello
 The violin is the smallest of the violin family
 As … as / not as … as / not so … as
 Playing violin is not as difficult as you might think.
 Double comparative
 The shorter the string, the higher the note
 As and like
 You play the cello with a bow like the violin.
1. … tilted toward the sun, the more the heat receives
and the hotter it is.
a. As more as the earth is c. The earth is more than b.
The more the earth is d. The earth is most
2. Generally speaking, people should have … as their
desires will allow.
a. much education c. as much education
b. education d. for education
3. Of Charles Dickens’ many novels, Great
Expectations is perhaps … to many readers.
a. The most satisfying one c. more than satisfying one
b. Most satisfying one d. the more satisfying than
4. … in Shanghai than in any other city in China.
a. More people live c. It has more people b.
More people living d. More living people
5. John does not swim as ...
a. fastly as Fred c. fast as Fred
b. fast than Fred d. fast like Fred
Written Expressions
 Written Expression
 questions 16 – 40
 choose the underlined word or groups of words that is NOT correct
 Strategies
 First look at the underlined word or group of words.
 Read the complete sentence

E.g.:
1. The final delivery of the day is the importantest.
A B C D
2. The books that I read was interesting.
A B C D
Most common errors in written expressions

Error Category Frequency

Word form 21%
Word choices 15
Verbs 12
Parallel structure 9
Pronouns 7
Singular/plural nouns 6
Verbals (infinitives, gerunds, and 6
participles)
Prepositions 6
Articles 5
Comparative and superlatives 4
Word order 4
Adjective + Noun
Adjective Noun

 -ing/ed = boring/bored,  -tion/sion = solution, pollution,

exciting/excited, … conclusion, …
 -ity = productivity, personality, …
 -ive = creative, persuasive, …
 -ment = payment, treatment, …
 -ic = heroic, public, …  -ness = happiness, laziness, …
 -al = final, global, traditional,  -or/er/ist = operator, pianist,
 -able = affordable, possible, teacher, ..
 -ous = glorious, fabulous, …  -hood = fatherhood,
neighborhood, …
 -full = harmful, successful,
…
 -ship = partnership, friendship, …
 -ance/ence = patience,
 -less = endless, homeless, … importance,…
 -ish = selfish, foolish, …
Examples
 Are you familiar with the latest science
developments? scientific

 This refrigerator is too old to keep things at a

properly temperature.
proper
 Verb + Adverb
Verb Adverb

 -ed/-en = played, worked,  -ly = quietly, slowly,

written, forgotten, … quickly, …
 -ize = symbolize, realize,  -ward = backward,
… afterward, …
 -ate = create, donate, …  -wide = nationwide,
 -ify = qualify, solidify, … worldwide, …
Example
 When he visited the doctor, the doctor told John
that he should have gone to the hospital immediate.
immediately
 There was not enough time to complete fill out the
form before the bell rang. completely

 The children were surprised when the teacher had

them close their books unexpected.
unexpectedly
 The advertising campaign will be based on the
recent completed study.
recently highly
 My close friend is a high educated person who
surely knows the negative effects of fast food on
health
Parallelism
 Items in series must be parallel, for example:
 He likes music, art, and history.
 Swimming, dancing, and horseback riding.
 He is tall, dark, and handsome.
 They wanted to paint the living room, to lay a new
carpet, and to buy a new sofa.
 The Romans conquered, colonized, and governed
much of the world.
 Eating in restaurant is more fun than cooking at home.
Examples
1. Truman Capote’s In Cold Blood is neither
journalistically accurate ...

A. a piece of fiction
B. nor a fictitious work
C. or written in a fictitious way
D. nor completely fictitious
2. A baby’s development is influenced by both
heredity and ...

A. by environmental factors.
B. environmentally
C. the influence of the environment
D. environment
3. Manufacturers may use food additives
for preserving, to color, to flavor, or to fortify foods.
to preserve
or
4. A bankruptcy may be either voluntary nor
involuntary.
TOEFL sample questions
1. Digitalis is a drug which is prepared from the seeds
A B
and leafs of a plant with the same name and is
C leaves
used as a cardiac stimulant
D
2. Christianity has become a worldwide religion since
began A B
it has begun almost two thousand years ago.
C D
3. In cases of minor injury to the brain, amnesia is
A Btemporary
likely to be a temporarily condition
C D
4. Over the course of history, much civilizations
AB many
develop their own number systems.
C D
5. Philosophy is the study of the nature of the reality,
A
knowledge, existent, and ethics by means of rational
B C D
inquiry existence
6. Poems vary in length from brief lyric poems to
A B
narrative or epic poems, which can be as broad in
C as
scope than a novel.
D
7. Some marine invertebrates, such as the sea urchin
A
migrate
and the starfish, migrates from deep water to shallow
B C
during spring and early summer to spawn.
D
8. Scientists at the medical center is trying are trying
A
to determine if there is a relationship between
B C
saccharine and cancer.
D
9. A well-composed baroque opera achieves a
A B
delicate balance by focusing alternately on aural,
C
philosophical
visual, emotional, and philosophy elements.
forms
D
10. Genes have several alternative form, or alleles,
A B
which are produced by mutations.
C D