INTRODUCTION TO

ARCHITECTURE

BY
Engr Sophia Mariyam
Definition

 Architecture is the process of planning, 

designing and construction

or

 The art and science of designing and erecting

buildings and other physical structures.
 Architecture

 A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures.

 The style and method of design and construction of buildings and other
physical structures.

 The practice of the architect, where architecture means the offering or

rendering of professional services in connection with the design and
construction of buildings, or built environments.

 The design activity of the architect, from the macro-level (urban

design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level (construction details
and furniture).

 The term "architecture" has been adopted to describe the activity of

designing any kind of system, and is commonly used in
describing information technology.
 In relation to buildings, architecture has to do with the planning, designing
and constructing form, space and ambience that reflect functional,
technical, social, environmental, and aesthetic considerations.

 It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of material,

technology, light and shadow.

 Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings

and structures, including scheduling, cost estimating and construction
administration.

 As documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and

technical specifications, architecture defines the structure and/or behavior
of a building or any other kind of system that is to be or has been
constructed.
Florence Italy
Architect

 An architect is a person trained and licensed to

plan, design, and oversee the construction
of buildings.

 Professionally, an architect's decisions affect public

safety, and thus an architect must undergo
specialized training consisting of advanced
education and an internship for practical
experience to earn a license to
practice architecture.
Role of Architect
Design Role
 The architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design
concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a
facility suitable to the required use.
 In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to
ascertain all the requirements of the planned project. This
information, known as a program or brief, is essential to producing a
project that meets all the needs and desires of the owner—it is a
guide for the architect in creating the design concept.
 Architects deal with local and federal jurisdictions about regulations
and building codes. The architect might need to comply with
local planning and zoning laws, such as required setbacks, height
limitations, parking requirements, transparency requirements
(windows) and land use.
Construction Role

 Architects typically put projects to tender on behalf of their

clients, advise on the award of the project to a general contractor,
and review the progress of the work during construction. They
typically review contractor shop drawings and other submittals,
prepare and issue site instructions, and provide construction
contract administration and Certificates for Payment to the
contractor (see also Design-bid-build). In many jurisdictions,
mandatory certification or assurance of the work is required.

 With very large, complex projects, an independent construction

manager is sometimes hired to assist in design and to manage
construction. In the United Kingdom and other countries,
a quantity surveyor is often part of the team to provide cost
consulting.
 Comparison
ARCHITECTURE CIVIL ENGINEERING

Concentrate on artistic effects by light Selecting appropriate material, using

and shade, outline to produce forms scientific manner and in economical
for permanent beauty of facility, also way to build a facility (adopt
using ornaments to enhance charm in convenient and proper construction).
composition

Architect should know construction Civil Engineer knowledge about

(artistic with mechanical skills) architecture is not essential (focus on
strength and stability)
 LECTURE # 02

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
 History Of Architecture
Ancient Architecture

 In ancient Egypt, powerful rulers constructed

monumental pyramids, temples, and shrines.
 From the rise of ancient Greece until the fall of the
Roman empire, great buildings were constructed
according to precise rules. The Classical Orders, which
defined column styles and entablature designs, continue
to influence building design in modern times.
Ancient Egypt
Entablature Design
Ancient Greece
Ancient Roman Architecture
 Asian architecture

 The architecture of different parts of Asia developed

along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist,
Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different
characteristics.
 Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great
regional diversity.
 In many Asian countries a pantheistic religion led to
architectural forms that were designed specifically to
enhance the natural landscape.
Asian architecture
Budhist architecture
 The Medieval Period

 In medieval period Roman architecture evolved into

a graceful, classically-inspired style that used brick
instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics,
and classical forms.
 As Rome spread across Europe, heavier, stocky
Romanesque architecture with rounded arches
emerged. Churches and castles of the early
Medieval period were constructed with thick walls
and heavy piers.
Medieval Period Architecture
Islamic Architecture

 Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE,

incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle
East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the
religious and social needs of the society.

 Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North

Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent.

 The widespread application of the pointed arch was to

influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
Taj Mahal, India
Al-Aqsa Mosque
Renaissance and the architect

A return to classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in

Italy, France, and England. Andrea Palladio and other builders
looked the classical orders of ancient Greece and Rome. Long
after the Renaissance era ended, architects in the Western
world found inspiration in the beautifully proportioned
architecture of the period.

The primary features of 16th century structures, which fused

classical Roman technique with Renaissance aesthetics , were
based in several foundational architectural concepts:
facades, columns and pilasters , arches , vaults , domes ,
windows, and walls.
Renaissance Architecture
Italy
Early modern and the industrial age

 With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise

of new materials and technology, architecture
and engineering began to separate, and the architect began
to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects,
often at the expense of technical aspects of building design.

 Formal architectural training in the 19th century, gave much

emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little
to context and feasibility.
 Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for
mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a
criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once
within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became
cheaper under machine production.

 Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements,

exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of
hiding them behind decorative forms.
Paris Opera
 Crystal Cathedral California
The 
 Architecture Today
 Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase
(in terms of structural systems, services, energy and
technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary
with specializations for each project type, technological
expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has
been an increased separation of the 'design' architect from the
'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the
required standards and deals with matters of liability.
 The preparatory processes for the design of any large building
have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary
studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality,
money, and compliance with local laws.
Portugal
Thanks