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Power System Relay Lecture 4

This document discusses directional overcurrent protection for looped power systems. Directional overcurrent relays are needed in looped systems to ensure selectivity and proper fault clearing. They work by comparing the phase angle of the operating current to a reference polarizing quantity, such as voltage, to determine the direction of fault current flow. Different types include directional phase overcurrent relays polarized by system voltages and directional ground overcurrent relays polarized by voltages or currents. Relays must be properly coordinated considering fault current directions around loops.

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105 views29 pages

Power System Relay Lecture 4

This document discusses directional overcurrent protection for looped power systems. Directional overcurrent relays are needed in looped systems to ensure selectivity and proper fault clearing. They work by comparing the phase angle of the operating current to a reference polarizing quantity, such as voltage, to determine the direction of fault current flow. Different types include directional phase overcurrent relays polarized by system voltages and directional ground overcurrent relays polarized by voltages or currents. Relays must be properly coordinated considering fault current directions around loops.

Uploaded by

Asfand Haroon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

ECE 4456B/9042B/9402B

Power System Protection


Section IV

Directional OC Protection of Looped Circuits

Firouz Badrkhani Ajaei


(fajaei@uwo.ca)

February 2021
Outline

In this section we will discuss:


● Why we need directional OC relays
● How they work
● How they are constructed
● Different types
● How they are coordinated

2
Directional Overcurrent Protection

Why is it needed?

When switch X is open (radial system):


CB4 does not see the fault current under a fault at F1.
All faults can be cleared by tripping the blue CBs.
In this scenario, CBs 2, 4, 7, 9 (and the associated relays)
are not needed. Non-directional OC relays work fine.

3
Directional Overcurrent Protection

Why is it needed?

When switch X is closed (loop system):


Tripping only the CB3 will not clear the fault. The CB4 is
needed to clear the fault at F1.
In absence of the CB4, the CB5 would have to trip
(loss of selectivity).
4
Directional Overcurrent Protection

Why is it needed?

When switch X is closed (loop system), now that CB4 is needed:


● CB4 should open before CB5 under fault F1.
● CB5 should open before CB4 under fault F2.
The fault current magnitude is almost the same in both cases. It is
not possible to coordinate these relays by only using current
magnitude (without directionality).

5
Directional Overcurrent Protection

In other words:
In multiple source systems and parallel feeders
(loop systems), the fault current can flow in
either direction at the relay location.

Coordination of non-directional OC relays


(selectivity) is mostly impossible when relays can
see fault currents in both directions. Directional
OC relays are needed in such systems.

6
Directional Overcurrent Protection

How should it work?

If the current flow is in the operating


direction (trip direction) and its
magnitude is greater than the pickup
current, the relay should trip.

7
Directional Overcurrent Protection

Construction:

Directional overcurrent relays are constructed


using a normal overcurrent unit (OC) plus a
directional unit (D) that can determine the
direction of the fault current.

8
Directional Overcurrent Protection

How does it work?

Phase angles of line currents change (shift about 180 degrees)


with the fault direction. To detect the fault direction, a directional
relay compares the phase angle of the operating current(s) with
that of a reasonably constant reference (polarizing) quantity.
Thus, a directional relay has two inputs:

● the operating current (same as the non-directional OC relay)


● a polarizing quantity (voltage or current)

9
Directional Phase Overcurrent Protection

How does it work?

For phase relays, the polarizing quantity is usually one of


the system voltages at the relay location. Practically,
phase angles of the system voltages do not change
significantly during a fault.

The system voltage magnitude will collapse at the point


of the short circuit. Therefore, to obtain sufficient
torque under fault conditions, the polarizing voltage
must not include the faulted phase.

10
Directional Phase Overcurrent Protection

How does it work?


Different polarizing voltages:

11
Directional Phase Overcurrent Protection

How does it work?

The best polarizing voltage for any given set of system


and fault conditions depends on the most probable
conditions of load angles, faults and the effect of arc
resistance.

Since it is not possible to wire the relay for all the


possible variations, it is necessary to select the best
compromise for the widest range of possibilities. Of the
three shown, the 90◦ connection is usually preferred.

12
Directional Phase Overcurrent Protection

Line protection using directional phase OC relays

13
Directional Ground Overcurrent Protection

Voltage polarizing for directional ground OC relay:


● 3I0 is the operating current

● 3E0 is the polarizing parameter (since it is always in the


same direction regardless of the location of the fault).

3I0 is derived from the residual circuit of the phase CTs.

3E0 is the vector sum of the line-to-neutral voltages (Ea+Eb+Ec= 3E0),


which is zero for balanced conditions or for faults not involving
ground.

14
Directional Ground Overcurrent Protection

Voltage polarizing for directional ground fault protection


The polarizing zero sequence voltage is obtained from the broken-
delta secondary of grounded-wye voltage transformers.

Option 1: Open-delta connection of Option 2: Open-delta connection of


voltage transformers auxiliary transformers (the main VT is used
for phase protection)

15
The Complete Set (Directional Phase and Ground OC)

16
Directional Ground Overcurrent Protection

Current polarizing for directional ground fault protection

The neutral current of a wye–delta


power or distribution transformer
bank can be used as a polarizing
quantity for ground-fault protection.

17
Directional Ground Overcurrent Protection

The current polarization reference depends on the availability


and connection of the power transformer at the relay location.
18
Directional Ground Overcurrent Protection

Current polarizing for directional ground fault protection

Either potential or current polarization may be


used, or both simultaneously.

However, at stations where transformer banks


are solidly grounded, the zero-sequence voltage
can be small.

Using current polarizing is recommended.

19
Negative-Sequence Directional Overcurrent Protection

Negative-sequence directional ground OC relay

Negative sequence directional ground relays can be


used instead of the zero-sequence type.

Negative-sequence relays are not sensitive to


zero-sequence mutual induction from parallel lines
and do not require transformer banks with grounded
neutral or voltage transformers with open-delta
connections.

20
Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays

Coordination of the Directional OC Relays


The ‘‘trip direction’’ of the directional relays normally is
into the line that is protected.
Variation of load currents (due to system configuration)
must be considered.

21
Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays

Coordination of the Directional OC Relays

Pickup current is determined based on the


maximum load current that can be seen by the
relay in both directions.

The TDS is determined similar to the non-


directional OC relay coordination strategy,
separately for the clockwise and counter
clockwise directions.

22
Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays

Coordination of the Directional OC Relays

The directional time–


overcurrent relays are
applied at breakers 1,
3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 10, with
each directional unit
‘‘looking into the line’’.

Why relay at CB 12 is non-directional?

23
Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays

Coordination of the Directional OC Relays


Around the loop, clockwise:
3 must coordinate with 5 & 8.
8 must coordinate with 10 & 12.
10 must coordinate with 1, 2, 3.

Around the loop, counterclockwise:


4 must coordinate with 9 & 12.
9 must coordinate with 5 & 6.
6 must coordinate with 1, 2, 4.

The loops are not completely independent!

24
Directional Power Relay

Directional Power vs. Directional OC:

There is a difference between:


● Directional OC relay (detects faults)
● Directional power relay (detects power direction
under normal operating conditions)

What we discussed so far is the directional OC relay


(part 4.6.2 in the textbook).

25
Directional Power Relay

Directional Power Relay:


Is used to detect the direction of the power
flow under normal operating conditions
(balanced load - no OC!).

Power relays are polarized by a


voltage, e.g. Van, and compare it to
the operating current Ia. The relay
picks up for power flowing in one
direction and resets for the
opposite direction.

26
Watch from 9:13 to 45:00
Link: https://youtu.be/BWiLE_VPDiM
27
References

References:

[1] J.M. Gers, and E.J. Holmes, “Protection of Electricity Distribution Networks, 3 rd Edition”, IET, 2011, ISBN: 978-1-84919-224-8

[2] S.H. Horowitz, A.G. Phadke, “Power System Relaying, 4th Edition”, Wiley, 2014, ISBN 9781118662007

[3] L.G. Hewitson, M. Brown, R. Balakrishnan, Practical Power System Protection, Elsevier, 2004.

[4] J.L. Blackburn, and T.J. Domin, “Protective Relaying Principles and Applications”, Third Edition, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis
Group, 2006

28
Thank you

29

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