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OSI Model: Spring 2022 Data Communication ITM 315

The document discusses the OSI reference model, which is a 7-layer model for network communication. The bottom three layers (1-3) deal with physical communication and low-level packet handling, while the top four layers (4-7) support application functions and user interactions. Each layer provides services to the layer above and receives services from the layer below through well-defined interfaces. The layers are designed to operate independently and can be replaced without affecting other layers.

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Fahmida Nur Ria
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26 views17 pages

OSI Model: Spring 2022 Data Communication ITM 315

The document discusses the OSI reference model, which is a 7-layer model for network communication. The bottom three layers (1-3) deal with physical communication and low-level packet handling, while the top four layers (4-7) support application functions and user interactions. Each layer provides services to the layer above and receives services from the layer below through well-defined interfaces. The layers are designed to operate independently and can be replaced without affecting other layers.

Uploaded by

Fahmida Nur Ria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OSI Model

Spring 2022
Data Communication
ITM 315
Topics
• The OSI reference model
• Services in the OSI model
OSI Reference Model
• OSI Reference Model - internationally
standardised network architecture.
• OSI = Open Systems Interconnection: deals
with open systems, i.e. systems open for
communications with other systems.
• Specified in ISO 7498.
• Model has 7 layers.
7-Layer OSI Model
Layer 7 Application Layer • Layers 1-4 relate to
Layer 6 Presentation Layer communications technology.
• Layers 5-7 relate to user
Layer 5 Session Layer
applications.
Layer 4 Transport Layer

Layer 3 Network Layer

Layer 2 Data Link Layer

Layer 1 Physical Layer

Communications subnet boundary


Layer 7: Application Layer
• Level at which applications access network
services.
– Represents services that directly support software
applications for file transfers, database access, and
electronic mail etc.
Layer 6: Presentation Layer
• Related to representation of transmitted data
– Translates different data representations from the
Application layer into uniform standard format
• Providing services for secure efficient data
transmission
– e.g. data encryption, and data compression.
Layer 5: Session Layer
• Allows two applications on different computers to
establish, use, and end a session.
– e.g. file transfer, remote login
• Establishes dialog control
– Regulates which side transmits, plus when and how long it
transmits.
• Performs token management and synchronization.
Layer 4: Transport Layer
• Manages transmission packets
– Repackages long messages when necessary into
small packets for transmission
– Reassembles packets in correct order to get the
original message.
• Handles error recognition and recovery.
– Transport layer at receiving acknowledges packet
delivery.
– Resends missing packets
Layer 3: Network Layer
• Manages addressing/routing of data within the subnet
– Addresses messages and translates logical addresses and
names into physical addresses.
– Determines the route from the source to the destination
computer
– Manages traffic problems, such as switching, routing, and
controlling the congestion of data packets.
• Routing can be:
– Based on static tables
– determined at start of each session
– Individually determined for each packet, reflecting the
current network load.
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
 Packages raw bits from the Physical layer into
frames (logical, structured packets for data).
 Provides reliable transmission of frames
 It waits for an acknowledgment from the receiving
computer.
 Retransmits frames for which acknowledgement
not received
Layer 1: Physical Layer
• Transmits bits from one computer to another
• Regulates the transmission of a stream of bits over a
physical medium.
• Defines how the cable is attached to the network
adapter and what transmission technique is used to
send data over the cable. Deals with issues like
– The definition of 0 and 1, e.g. how many volts represents a
1, and how long a bit lasts?
– Whether the channel is simplex or duplex?
– How many pins a connector has, and what the function of
each pin is?
Internet Protocols vs OSI
Application • Explicit Presentation
and session layers
Presentation Application missing in Internet
Session Protocols
• Data Link and
Transport TCP
Network Layers
IP
Network redesigned
Data Link Network Interface

Physical Hardware
Services in the OSI Model
• In OSI model, each layer provide services to
layer above, and ‘consumes’ services provided
by layer below.
• Active elements in a layer called entities.
• Entities in same layer in different machines
called peer entities.
Layering Principles
N+1
PDU

(N+1) Entity Layer N+1 protocol (N+1) Entity


Service User Service User
Layer N Service
SDU
Access Point (SAP)
(N) Entity Layer N protocol (N) Entity
Service Provider Service Provider

N N
PDU PDU
PDU - Protocol Data Unit
SDU - Service Data Unit

• Layer N provides service to layer N+1


Connections
• Layers can offer connection-oriented or
connectionless services.
• Connection-oriented like telephone system.
• Connectionless like postal system.
• Each service has an associated Quality-of-
service (e.g. reliable or unreliable).
Reliability
• Reliable services never lose/corrupt data.
• Reliable service costs more.
• Typical application for reliable service is file
transfer.
• Typical application not needing reliable service
is voice traffic.
• Not all applications need connections.
Topics
• Service = set of primitives provided by one
layer to layer above.
• Service defines what layer can do (but not how
it does it).
• Protocol = set of rules governing data
communication between peer entities, i.e.
format and meaning of frames/packets.
• Service/protocol decoupling very important.

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