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Structure of Atom: Chemistry Chapter 2

The document summarizes the structure of the atom. It describes how atoms are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Experiments led to the discovery that atoms have a small, dense nucleus at the center containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus. Early models including the plum pudding model were replaced by Rutherford's nuclear model, though it did not fully explain atomic stability or electron arrangements.

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Himanshi Kumar
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118 views8 pages

Structure of Atom: Chemistry Chapter 2

The document summarizes the structure of the atom. It describes how atoms are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Experiments led to the discovery that atoms have a small, dense nucleus at the center containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting the nucleus. Early models including the plum pudding model were replaced by Rutherford's nuclear model, though it did not fully explain atomic stability or electron arrangements.

Uploaded by

Himanshi Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STRUCTURE OF ATOM

CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 2
#STRUCTURE OF ATOM

• Atom is the smallest particle of matter


that can take part in a chemical reaction. 
• Atom is made of electron, proton
and neutrons.
• Atom is not capable of independent
existence. 
• Two or more atoms combine together to
form molecules.
#DISCOVERY OF AN ELECTRON
•Negatively charged particle discovered on the
basis of ‘cathode ray discharge tube’ experiments.
•Conclusion from ‘cathode ray discharge tube’
experiment :
• Cathode rays start from cathode and move
toward anode.
• These rays are not visible but their behavior can
be observed with fluorescent or phosphorus sent
material.
• In the absence of electric or magnetic field these
travels in strait lines.
• In the presence of electric or magnetic field the
behavior of cathode rays is similar to
negatively charged particles which suggest that
these rays contain negatively charge particles
called electron.
#DISCOVERY OF PROTON AND NUETRON
PROTON NUETRON
• Positively • Neutralparticles discovered by bombarding a thin sheet
charged particle discovered on the
of beryllium by α- particles.
basis of anode ray experiment.
• Conclusion from α- particles scattering experiment:
• Some of the characteristics of anode rays, also • Most of the α-particles passed through foil undeflected,
called canal rays, are: indicating most of the  space in atom is empty.
• These travel in straight line and posses mass • Some of the α-particles are deflected to certain angles,
which means that there is positively mass present in
many times the mass of an electron. atom.
• These are not originated from anode. • Only some of the α-particles suffered large deflections,
• These are deflected by electric and magnetic which means that the positively charged mass must be
occupying very small space.
field.
• Strong deflections or even bouncing back of α-particles
• Unlike cathode rays, the positively charged from metal foil indicate the direct collision with
particles depend upon the nature of the gas positively charged mass in atom.
from which these originate.
#COMPARISION BETWEEN THE
SUBATOMIC PARTICLE OF AN ATON
#THOMSON MODEL OF ATOM
•Atom is considered as a uniform positively
charged sphere with radius about 10 -10  m, in
which electrons are is uniformly distributed.
•Electronsare embedded in such a manner to
give most stable electrostatic arrangement.
•Mass of atom is assumed to be uniformly
distributed in atom.
•Also known as plum pudding raisin pudding
or watermelon model.
#RUTHERFORD’S NUCLEAR MODEL OF ATOM
•Based upon α-particles scattering experiment.
•Most part of the atom is empty.
•Atom possesses a highly dense, positively charged centre,
called nucleus of the order 10 - 1 3  cm.
•Entire mass of the atom is concentrated inside the nucleus.
•Electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular orbits.

Electrons and the nucleus are held together by electrostatic


forces of attraction.

Drawbacks of Rutherford’s Model:


•It doesn’t explain the stability of atom.
•Itdoesn’t say anything about the electronic distribution of
electrons around nucleus.
THANKYOU!!
B Y: H I M A N S H I K U M A R
C L AS S : X I - C R OL L N O . : 6

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