Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

Measurement and Instrumentation

Dr. Riaz Muhammad
rmuhammad@uob.edu.bh
Chapter 3 Measurements Systems Behaviours

MENG 381

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 Dynamic characteristic
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

Dynamic Systems and Examples:

Zero Order system:
 The zero order system is one whose output is proportional to the input
no matter how the input varies. The equation that describes this behavior
is:
(o) = k * (i)
where o is the output
i is the input
k is a proportionality constant (= sensitivity)

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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

Dynamics Characteristics

Zero order Continue:

Another way to define a zero order system is that a new steady state
output is immediately provided when the input is changed.

For example: Wire strain gauge

The gauge Factor(K)= (R/R)/(l/l)

A system behave as Zero order when the it gives 3

statics output in response to static input
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Zero order Continue:
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)
First-Order Systems

All the a’s and b’s other than a1, a0 and b0 are zero.
dy (t )
a1  a0  b0 x(t )
dt
dy (t ) y K
  y (t )  Kx(t ) ( D) 
dt x D  1

Where K = b0/a0 is the static sensitivity

 = a1/a0 is the system’s time constant (dimension of time)

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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

First-Order Systems: Step Response

Assume for t < 0, y = y0 , at time = 0 the input quantity, x increases instantly
by an amount A. Therefore t > 0
0 t  0
x(t )  AU (t )  
A t  0
dy (t )
  y (t )  KAU (t )
dt

The complete solution: y (t )  Ce  t /  KA

2

yocf yopi
Transient Steady state
response response
U(t)

Applying the initial condition, we get C = y0-KA, thus

gives
0 y (t )  KA  ( y0  KA)e  t /
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time, t

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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

First-Order Systems: Step Response

Here, we define the term error fraction as

y (t )  KA y (t )  y ()
em (t )    e t /
y0  KA y (0)  y ()

1.0 1.0
Output Signal, (y(t)-y0)/(KA-y0)

y (t )  KA
.8 .8  e t / 
y (0)  KA

Error fraction, em
.6 0.632
.6

y (t )  y0
.4  1  e t /  .4
KA  y0 0.368

.2 .2

0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
t/ t/
Non-dimensional step response of first-order instrument

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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

Determination of Time constant

y (t )  KA t
em   e t / ln em  2.3 log em  
y (0)  KA 

1
y (t )  KA
0.368  e t /
y (0)  KA
Error fraction,em

.1
Slope = -1/

.01

.001
0 1 2 3 4 5
t

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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

First-Order Systems: Ramp Response

Assume that at initial condition, both y and x = 0, at time = 0, the input quantity
start to change at a constant rate q is Thus, we have

0 t0
x(t )  
q ist t  0
Therefore dy (t )
  y (t )  Kq istU (t )
dt

The complete solution: y (t )  Ce  t /  Kq is (t   )

Transient Steady state

response response

Applying the initial condition, gives y (t )  Kq is (e  t /  t   )

y (t )
Measurement error em  x(t )   q ise t /  q is
K

Transient Steady
error state error

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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

First-Order Instrument: Ramp Response

10

8
Output signal, y/K

6
Steady state
time lag = 
4

Steady state
2 error = q is

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
t/

Non-dimensional ramp response of first-order instrument

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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

First-Order Systems: Ramp Response

Example:
Suppose a bulb thermometer originally indicating 20∘C is suddenly exposed to
a fluid temperature
q is
of 37∘C. Develop a model that simulates the thermometer output response.
KNOWN
T(0) = 20∘C
T∞ = 37∘C
F(t)=[T∞ − T(0)]U(t)

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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)
 University of Bahrain
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

Simple Periodic Function Input

The Fourier Transform of the function is

This time delay, β1

magnitude ratio, M(ω)

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 THANK YOU

University of Bahrain
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)