ENGINEERS REGISTRATION

BOARD

Stakeholder Workshop 1
The Engineering Disciplines
 The number of engineering
disciplines is not static. Many
disciplines spawn additional sub-
disciplines.

Let’s focus on the major

disciplines!
 Engineering Disciplines
• Aerospace • Electrical
• Agricultural • Environmental
• Architectural • Industrial
• Biomedical • Manufacturing
• Chemical • Materials
• Civil • Mechanical
• Computer • Petroleum
• Soil & Water • Software
• Telecommunications • Transportation
 Aerospace Engineering

Aerospace engineers design and develop

technology for commercial aviation, the
national defense, and space exploration. In
1990, aerospace engineers helped launch the
Hubble Space Telescope, an orbiting
instrument that allows us to see 10 times
farther than we have ever seen before.

ASEE
They design, develop, and test aircraft,
spacecraft, satellites, and missiles and
supervise the manufacturing of these
products.

Aerospace engineers who work with

aircraft are considered aeronautical
engineers, and those working
specifically with spacecraft are
considered astronautical engineers.
Repairing cracked shuttle tiles.

Boeing Jets – working on better

Fuel efficiency and longer range.
 Aerospace Engineering Employers
• Boeing
• NASA
• Lockheed Martin
• Space Systems / Loral
Lockheed Martin F16 Falcon
Flying over Iraq

Boeing Fighter Jet from 1932

 Agricultural Engineering
• Agricultural engineers design farm and food
processing equipment; construct crop storage and
livestock buildings; and develop systems for drainage,
irrigation, and waste disposal.
• Sometimes agricultural engineers work in labs like
EPCOT's Land Pavilion, where they experiment with
promising indoor farming techniques such as
hydroponics—the science of growing plants in fluids
without dirt.
ASEE
control of vibration,
noise, air quality, heating,
cooling within machinery.
harvesters, transporters

Environmental controllers
for poultry, swine, beef,
aquaculture, plants
Precision agriculture utilizing GPS,
remote sensing and computerized
field equipment.
 Agricultural Engineering Employers
• Archer Daniels Midland (ADM)
• Cargill
• DuPont
• US Department of Agriculture
 Architectural Engineering
Working alongside architects, architectural
engineers focus on the safety, cost, and
construction methods of designing a building.
For example, as the US population grows in the
Southwest, more and more architectural
engineers are investigating new ways to build
on land where there is only sand and
sagebrush.
ASEE (This is very related to Structural & Civil Engineering)
• Architectural engineering, also known
as building engineering or architecture
engineering, is an engineering discipline that
deals with the technological aspects and 
multi-disciplinary approach to planning, 
design, construction and operation of 
buildings, such as analysis and 
integrated design of environmental systems (
energy conservation, HVAC, plumbing, 
lighting, fire protection, acoustics, vertical
and horizontal transportation), 
structural systems, behavior and properties
of building components and materials, and 
project management

Stakeholder Workshop 13
 • The art and science of engineering and 
construction as practiced in respect of 
buildings. These systems include the building structure
itself, the lighting, sound, and electrical
systems, and the heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning systems. Other engineering
systems include the plumbing structure, fire
safety systems, and energy conservation.
Architectural engineers are responsible for
Bringing together knowledge of  coordinating these systems and making sure
acoustic engineering and HVAC is one they are designed and built properly, safely, and
example of the multi-disciplined nature of economically.
architectural engineering

Stakeholder Workshop 14
 Biomedical Engineering
• Biomedical Engineers develop devices and
procedures that solve medical and health-
related problems.
• Biomedical Engineers work with medical
professionals to develop medical instruments,
monitoring equipment, artificial organs, and
prosthetic devices.
 Laser Systems for
Corrective eye surgery.

Computers for
Blood analysis

Implantable Ultrasound Imaging Equipment

Hip Joints
 Biological Engineering
• Bioengineering combines biology and engineering.
• Biological Engineers understand how biological
systems operate and develop effective biology-based
technologies for applications across a wide spectrum
of societal needs including breakthroughs in
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, in
design of novel materials, devices, and processes,
and in enhancing environmental health.
 Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Programs at UC Davis
Aquaculture Engineering
Ecological Systems Engineering
Energy Systems Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Food Engineering
Forest and Fiber Engineering
Health and Safety Engineering
Machine Systems Engineering
Postharvest Engineering
Sensor and Control Engineering
Soil and Water Engineering
 Chemical Engineering
• Chemical Engineers often take chemical reactions and scale them up to a
large manufacturing process. They focus on the production of products
formed through a chemical reaction. This is sometimes called Process
Engineering.

• Chemical engineering involves the processing and treating of liquids and

gases. For example, some chemical engineers are studying ways to
desalinate seawater—stripping it of salt to make the water safe to drink.

• Many chemical engineers work with petroleum and plastics.

• The term "environmental engineering" also applies to certain areas of

chemical engineering, such as pollution control.
 Chemical Engineers are employed to do:

• Food Processing
• Beverage making and bottling
• Environmental Analysis
• Making of Cosmetics, Perfumes, and
Flavorings
• Pharmaceutical production
• Petroleum and Plastics processing
 Kelco, San Diego
Manufacturer of Biopolymers from Sea Kelp

Pollution Control

Petroleum Extraction and Processing

 Chemical Engr Employers
• Dow Chemical
• DuPont
• Proctor and Gamble
• Monsanto
• Johnson & Johnson
• Merck
• General Mills
 Civil Engineering
One of the largest branches of engineering,
civil engineering is a field that deals with
buildings, bridges, dams, roads, and other
‘public works’ structures . Civil engineers plan,
design, and supervise the construction of
facilities such as high-rise buildings, airports,
water treatment centers, and sanitation
plants.
 Historic Preservation
Grand Central Terminal
New York City

Flood waters compromise levee

Near New Orleans during
Hurricane Katrina.

Oklahoma City
Federal Bldg.

Rebuilding Oklahoma City after the bombings.

Buildings are blast resistant and employ sustainable
Construction.
William J. Clinton
Presidential Center
Little Rock, AK
Architecture can be both industrial
as well as inviting to people.
Architecture can effect people’s
moods, productivity, and energy.
 New Compositions make Concrete more versatile.

A translucent concrete
material contains
glass optical fibers SACRED SURFACES. The
that transmit light modern church Dives in
through the entire Misericordia located in
length of the block. It Rome, is made from a self-
can bring sunlight cleaning concrete that
through a wall. breaks down atmospheric
pollutants that would
otherwise darken the surface
over time.
Ductal – an ultra high performance concrete developed by Lafarge.
The high strength fibers make the material self reinforcing.
The Material can be used to make very thin structures with
out the need for conventional steel reinforcement. The concrete
will bend like metal before breaking.
Japan

Juscelino Kubitschek Bridge Tacoma Narrows Bridge, 1940

Brazilian Wave Arch Wind created resonant vibrations.
Now computer modeling and wind tunnels
are used to test the rigidity of the road decks.
Computer & Software Engineering
Computer engineers deal with all aspects of
computer systems including design,
construction, and operation. Some computer
engineers specialize in areas like digital
systems, operating systems, computer
networks, and software.
 Computer Engineering
• Hardware and Chip Design
• Development of Software Applications
• Integrating components together, i.e. device
driver software
• Project Management – teams located in
multiple places
• Chip Fabrication
• Test and Quality Assurance (QA)
 Computer Engineer Employers
• Cisco
• Sun
• Intel
• Microsoft
• Oracle
• IBM
• Apple
• Google
• Yahoo
• Wireless service Providers – cell phone services
• Manufacturers of hand-held devices.
• GIS/GPS businesses.
• eBay and Amazon
• Self employed
 Global Positioning Unit

Open Source software

Invites lots of developers
to create new applications
Using Languages such as JAVA.
 Electrical Engineering
The discipline that employs the largest
number of engineers, covers everything
related to electrical devices, systems, and the
use of electricity.

Electrical engineers work on power plants,

computers, and other electrical devices.
 Electrical Engineering (non-computer)
• Control systems in car
• Satellites Communications
• Cell phones
• Power Plants
• Circuit boards
• Appliances
• TVs, DVDs,
• Medical Instruments
• Recording Equipment
• Synthesizers
• Amplification equipment
• Lighting
• Hardware for networking
• Firmware (low level coding)
• Custom Chips
• Aviation Controls
• Electronic monitoring and tagging (dog tags)
Radomes – Antenna
protection

These are cell phone towers?

 Environmental Engineering
Environmental engineers assist with the
development of water distribution systems,
recycling methods, sewage treatment plants,
and other pollution prevention and control
systems in the water, air, and land.
Environmental engineers constantly seek new
ways to reduce air pollution and pesticides.
 Environmental Engineers work on:
• Acid Rain and how to avoid it
• Clean Energy
• Energy Star Program
• Public policy compliance – title 45
• Indoor air quality
• Site Clean up
• Recycling and waste minimization.
• EPA Projects (Environmental Protection Agency) EPA
employs over 9000 engineers.
 Industrial Engineering
Industrial engineers organize the people,
information, energy, materials, and machines
involved in the production process. They are
concerned with plant design and
management, quality control, and the human
factors of engineering.
 Industrial Engineering specialties:
• management engineer - Combining
knowledge of the business and the facilities.
• ergonomist – modify a process to reduce
worker injury.
• operations analyst - devising systems to
increase effectiveness of an operation.
• Quality engineer – devise systems to service
customers efficiently.
 Industrial Engineers might do:
• Designing the admissions procedure at a hospital 
• Converting a major production line to JIT
• Representing a company in the design and construction of a new manufacturing
plant
• Performing motion and time studies
• Developing prototype units for the cellular phone car adapter market
• Simulation modeling
• Developing a hardware protection program for spacecraft
• Developing a supplier quality program
• Implementing lean manufacturing concepts
• Developing and launching a complete material handling system for a new
automobile
• Developing the conceptual layout of a dockyard and ship repair maintenance
facility
• Working on a design project to make a medical device to treat sleep apnea
• Representing manufacturing and purchasing issues on a design team
 Manufacturing Engineering
Manufacturing engineers design tools and
equipment and work with all aspects of
manufacturing—from production control and
materials handling to mechanization and
automation.
 Materials Engineering
Metallurgical and materials engineers extract, process, refine,
combine, and manufacture natural substances to create new
materials that meet specifications that could not be met with
raw materials.

Example: Materials that are:

stronger, resist corrosion, lighter, inert, elastic,
sticky, insulate, invisible, etc.

Metallurgical engineers work with metal only. Teams of

metallurgy and materials engineers created the US Air Force's
"stealth" technology that makes a fighter plane's surface
nearly invisible to radar.
 Teflon-1938

Nylon - 1931 Liquid Crystal Displays

1968

Transistors replace
Pyrex - 1924
Vacuum tubes

Glass fibers
Biomimicry
Lead to the
Neoprene- 1931 Invention of
Velcro - 1948

Ultrasuede and Gortex

 Nanotechnolgy includes
the many techniques used
to create structures at a
size scale below 100 nm

Biomimicry is the
application of methods and
systems found in nature to
the study and design of
engineering systems and
modern technology
 The Amazon Rainforest – nature’s laboratory for new
Discoveries.

Rain forests worldwide cover approximately 6% of Earth's surface, and

yet scientists believe they contain 50% of the world's plant and animal
species—an impressive ratio. In common parlance, tropical rain forests
are not only the planet's land-based centers of biodiversity—where
most species live—they also contribute to the maintenance of the
world’s climate by regulating rainfall and storing enormous amounts of
carbon.
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
 Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical engineers use mechanics and energy principles to
design machines such as tools, engines. Machines, motors,
and other devices.

Many mechanical engineers work in the areas of air-

conditioning and refrigeration, automotives, manufacturing,
welding, robotics, and mechatronics.

They study materials, heat and energy transfer, manufacturing

technologies
 A mechanical engineer designs
anything that uses mechanical motion

Robotics

Underwater Vehicle Computer Modeling

Consumer &
Baby products
Prototyping

Food Handling
 What is Mechatronics?
• The Fusion of Mechanical Engineering,
electronics, and computing.
• Usually requires cross-disciplinary training.
• Looks like robotics
• Automate and Improve production
The elements of Mechatronics systems include sensors, actuators,
microcontrollers (or microprocessors) and real-time control software.

The actuators are mainly high precision electric motors and solenoids. Any of a
large number of sensor types are used, including light, acceleration, weight,
color, temperature and image.
Stepper Motor
Stair climbing robot
 Nuclear Engineering
Nuclear engineers design, develop, and
control plants that use nuclear energy for fuel
and medical purposes. Some nuclear
engineers are busy working on a nuclear-
powered spacecraft that will travel to Mars.
 Examples of Nuclear Engineering
• Food irradiation has been systematically evaluated by
the Food and Agriculture Organization which
concluded that treating raw meat and poultry with
irradiation eliminates disease-causing bacteria
commonly found such as E. coli and Salmonella and
poses no toxicological hazards at typically used
doses.

• Domestic sources of radioisotopes are needed to

adequately sustain the growing needs of our medical
and healthcare communities.
Problems inherent with fossil fuels are avoided with energy
production using hydrogen.  Per unit of fuel, hydrogen fuel
cells in vehicles are about twice as efficient as combustion
energies.  Unlike conventional engines, fuel cells emit only
water vapor and heat.

Only nuclear energy can produce hydrogen on large enough

scales to meet future demand while avoiding the release of
greenhouse gases.

These battery-like
devices inside
hydrogen vehicles
convert hydrogen and
oxygen into water, in
the process producing
electricity and heat that
can power a motor.
 Transportation Engineering
Transportation engineering is a branch of
civil engineering that is involved in the
planning, design, operation, and maintenance
of safe and efficient transportation systems.
These systems include roadways, railways,
waterways, and intermodal operations.
 Transportation Engineering
• Ensures safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient,
economical, and environmentally compatible
movement of people and goods transport.

• Transportation engineering is a major component of

the civil engineering and mechanical engineering
disciplines, ’ according to specialisation of academic
courses and main competences of the involved
territory.
• Thank you for your much appreciated
audience.

• END

• Telephone: 3914446
• Email: enquiries@erb.org.bw
• Website: www.erb.org.bw
Stakeholder Workshop 55