University Of Dire-Dawa

Institute Of Technology
Department Of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Final Internship Report On Building And project

by abas kedir
Contents
 Background of my hosting company
 Overall internship experience
 Project
 Overall benefits I gained from my internship
 Conclusion and recommendation
 Background Of The Company
 the company officially started working in 2002 Etc.
 Name; hotel building G+6
 Name of the company: mangestu tirkso
 Contractor; mangestu tirkso
 Consultant;
 Location; worabe
 Work flow on the site
 Project manager
 Office engineer
 Site engineer
 Consultant (supervisor)
 Finance
 Purchasing department
 Data collector
 Store keeper and time keeper
 Foreman
 Team leader
 Mason and laborers
 Work tasks I been executing
1) Office Work
►Bar schedules for top tile beam
►Drawing
1 Structural drawing
2 Architectural drawing
►Takeoff sheet
2) Site work
►Column
►Ground floor slab
purpose of soil compaction
►formwork
►concrete work
►Reinforcement
 OFFICE WORK
1 Bar schedule for top tile beam
Procedures I have been following to execute top tile beam barschedule
 Take the drawing of top tile beam from site engineer
 At the office using AUTOCAD 2007 from my laptop and take the

measurement of each
 Beam at each axis.
 Provide top bar as per its length and number of bars within minimum

wastage.
 Provide bottom bar and keep its overlap on column.
 Proved negative bar at the top for L/3 of the length measured from column.
OFFICE WORK
 2 Drawing reading
a, Structural drawings
b, Architectural drawings
A. Structural drawing:
This drawing shows the structural aspect of the building. This includes:
Detail of columns
Detail of beams
 These structural drawings has a detailed information of Grade, number,
diameter and spacing of reinforcing bars and stirrups
B. Architectural drawing:
These drawings show the architectural aspect of the building. This Includes:
Site plan
Floor plans
OFFICE WORK
3 Takeoff sheet
Take off is prepared by office engineers and submitted to the supervisor
from the consultant side. It always common in construction sites but
different table format can be used .Takeoff sheet expresses the amount
of formwork, concrete (cement, sand and aggregate), and hard core. The
unit for formwork, hardcore and lean concrete was m2 (area) and for
concrete was m3 (volume).
columns
 Time sing column- used to write unit less and constant number
 Dimension column – used to write dimension of item
 Description column – description of item is written in this column
SITE WORK
1, Column
Column is a vertical structural member. It transmits the load from
ceiling/roof slab and beam, including its self-weight to the
foundation.
 In our site the reinforcement of column was ∅20 diameter and

its stirrup were ∅8 and c/c 200mm. Its dimension was

400mmx400mm. Overlap length was calculated by 40D.where D
is the longitudinal reinforcement of columns. Concrete grade
used was C25. This means the compressive strength of concrete
it attains at 28 days is 28Mpa. To gain this strength it should
have curing time and the curing period should be 21 days.
PICTUR
2, Ground floor slab
After completion of grade beam many activities were takes place. From the major activities
compaction of beneath layer was the first task.The principal reason for compacting soil is to reduce
subsequent settlement under working loads.
 Purposes of soil compaction are:
 Compaction of soil increases the shear strength and load bearing capacity of the soil.
 Compaction reduces the voids ratio making it more difficult for water to flow through

(Water) soil.
It carried out by using machine known as compactor. This machine vibrates the ground and the
space between soil will minimized and form firm layer. It’s compacted up to 30cm below most top
layer.
After compaction was completed, hardcore (kiskaso) was placed. This hard core was made of strong
stone. It was filled up to 15cm. hardcore are important for the stability of the foundation. It further
adds strength or solidifies the base upon which the concrete sits on. This means that it helps to
resist pressure of dead and live loads on the ground floor as it helps transfer this to the foundation .
PICTUR
3 Form work
 A Form work is a temporary structural element which supports
slabs, beams and columns is casting concrete.
 There are three types of formwork:
 Steel formwork

 Timber formwork

 Ply wood

 Tools and equipment used in formwork:

 Hand saws (megaz)
 String lines (gemed)
 Shovels
 Steel tape (metero)
4 Concrete work
 Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregates and water.

Sometimes admixture will be added to enhance workability and

setting of concrete. Since concrete is made from different
materials it is known as composite material. It is used in building
construction, drainage and reservoirs works, high ways etc
 Cement: is one of the raw materials used to produce concrete. We

use cement as Binding material. In our site, we use a type of

cement Pozolano Portland cement (PPC) of 32.5Mpa.
 Aggregate: is the main body in mixing. We use aggregate to

increase compressive Strength of concrete.

 Sand: is added to bring uniformity in mixture. Usually, the natural

river sand is used as fine aggregate.

 In our site for 1.2.3 ratio we were use 20 litter of water.
 There are two method of concrete mixing.
 1. Hand mixing: Hand mixing is only for mixing of concrete for
small works like masonry works, plastering, fence and so on. It
performed by daily labors.
 2. Machine mixing: The process of mixing of ingredients which
are cement; fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water and in
special case admixtures was by using machines. In our site we
use concrete mixer machine.
 PART 2 ABOUT PROJECT

TITLE ; UNECONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION METHODE

1. INTRODUCTION
 introductions to the project
 Uneconomical construction method is a construction which affect

the hole project cost and the owner of the project. Mostly
uneconomical project is not visible in construction site because
the stakeholders didn’t allow this kind financial error.
 There are many things should be considered while any project is

designed. the major two are safety and economy so when we

construct uneconomical project it will affect the economy. there
are some factors that make the construction was uneconomical
such as material wastage. Unused material, over size frame and
strictures.
 Many construction projects do not use the material again

demolition projects. Material cost covers around 60 percent of the

project cost so this material management help us to be
economical.
 ◦ Statement of the problem
Material cost covers around 60 percent of the project cost. According to the research
done in Ethiopia the construction materials constitute 57% of the total budget
allocated for construction work since material cost of the project covers large portion
of the project cost, improvement on professionalism and material management will
result great improvement on the overall construction project.
In Worabe hotel building project there is huge amount of construction material
wastage come from demolishing an existing structure and improper usage during
different stage of the project. Since ordering too many items is an easier problem to
handle than ordering too few. Once construction is over, the excess materials become
waste.
 I observe bad outlaying in the project site happened by construction waste material
 Total cost of the project is highly exaggerated than other project
 Most construction material are overestimate the amount of material it needs
 The size of structure is over for the given project
 Objective of the study
 The objective of the study this project is to control the project
cost which can affect the owner of this project and enhance
the capital of stakeholders.
 General Objective
 Finding solution for the problem that I list on the above such

us uneconomical construction method and slightly

overestimate materials that cased through construction
material wastage.
 Specific Objectives
 To identify causes of construction material management

worabe hotel building project.

 How to control the over size of frame structure?
 To identify construction material which are over estimated.
 METEDOLOGY
 Research design is the overall plan for obtaining answers to the

questions that rise at the being studied. In this study interviews

structured questionnaire and site visits were used in the gathering of
data that help to this project. The interviews were adapted to collect
detailed information from respondents’ experiences and impressions
about material wastage and uneconomical in construction.
 The questionnaire survey was also adapted to get feedback on

opinions of respondents about wastage of building construction and

uneconomical construction in worabe hotel building project data
collection is the process of gathering facts which is used for giving
analysis. Information can be collected through direct personal
investigation through respondents, survey using questioner and
discussion with building stakeholders.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
My observation on overestimate elements On the project there is poor estimation in all
kinds of project elements such us HCB, reinforcement bars, hardcore, cement etc. The
handling of this overestimate materials are poor in our site because of management.

A,Observation on reinforcement bar: - Mainly the reinforcement bar needs proper

estimation and good handling to protect from corrosion and decrease of standard
strength. But, in my site it takes opposite of this. The reinforcement bar directly placed
at soil and also it is open to rain, wind and sun.
b) Observation on plastic pipe:-is a tubular section, or hollow cylinder, made of plastic.
used mainly to convey substances which can flow liquids and gases (fluids), slurries,
powders and masses of small solids. When I saw in my site the handling pipe is very
poor in management and also in overestimate amount.

c) observation on HCB: - are one of the most extensively used walling

materials in our project but after finishing the wall construction proses there
is so much unused HCB that exposed to the environment.
5.1. CONCLUSIONS
The major objective of this paper was to identify main causes of material that can unused by
overestimation and wastage and also oversized frame strictures at site in worabe hotel building
project.

All respondents identified factors that lead to the problem such as; incapable workers, improper
control of site engineers, changes to design, late information about types and sizes of products to
the contractor, incapable stakeholder and waste from inappropriate construction processes are
main causes of material waste at site. But in our site the main respondent of the problem is
stakeholders because the companies that work for is partial bid on the project.

The study found that ‘incapable professional workers are employ on stakeholder’s position those
irresponsible for their work. As the site engineers says the project is uneconomical from the
design but they only get to the job to work the stakeholder’s didn’t accept any recommendation
specially on unused, wastage material.

Some of the materials and strictures that are seen on site that the project so expensive and
uneconomical. HCB, beam, column, reinforcement bar, hardcore etc.
RECOMMENDATION

5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS

The following recommendations have been made to enhance the stakeholder’s cost capital.

Construction organizations should also provide waste reduction training to site staff to reduce
waste generation in construction projects.

Purchasing raw materials that are just sufficient for the project.
Good coordination between store and construction personnel to avoid over ordering of
construction materials.
Adoption of proper site management techniques to increase the project time
Proper storage of materials to decrease wastage
The site project should be minimizing design changes that affect the cost of construction
Mixing, transporting and placing concrete at the appropriate time.
The company should encourage re-use of waste materials in projects.
The company should be training the laborer to use recycling of some waste materials to
minimize cost of the project.

Proper structural construction which can fit the design

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