OF ENGINEERING, RAJPURA

ARYAN COLLEGE
S DEPARTMENT
OF CIVILENGINEERING

REPORT ON

INDUSTRIALTRAINING
At
TRICON RealTech Pvt. Ltd.

A project report Submitted to the ARYANS College of Engineering, Rajpura

(Punjab) towards the partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Technology
in

CviE
li ngn
i eern
i g.

Submitted by:

NAME – KARAN
ROLL NO.- 1815532
(2018 – 2022)
Aryans College of Engineering, Rajpura

{25 March 2022 TO 8 June 2022}

 Content

 Certificate

 Declaration

 Acknowledgement

 Project Details

1. Introduction 11. Slab Construction

12. Shear Wall Construction

2. Safety on Site

13. Curing
3. Excavation

14. Problems Faced on site

4. Foundation
15. Conclusion

5. Reinforcement

6. Bar Bending Schedule

7. Formwork

8. Concreting

9. Beams and Columns

10. Stirrups
Certificate

Photo
 OF ENGINEERING, RAJPURA
ARYANSCOLLEGE
(Affiliated to IKGPTU, Kapurthala)

CANDIDATE’SDECLARATION

I, KARAN hereby declare that I have undertaken four months industrial training at

TRICON RealTech Pvt. Ltd. during a period from 25 March 2022 to 8 June 2022 in

partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of degree of B.Tech (Civil

Engineering) at Aryans College Of Engineering, Rajpura. The work which is being

presented in the training report submitted to Department of Civil Engineering at

ARYANS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, RAJPURA is an authentic record of

training work.

Signature of the Student

The four months industrial training Viva–Voce Examination has been held on
and accepted.

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of External

Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to extend my gratitude to TRICON RealTech Pvt. Ltd. for
having provided me with an unbelievable practical learning experience during summer
training. It was indeed a pleasure to be a part of such organization.

First and foremost, I would like to thank Vikram sir, Site IN charge, who support me
through inspiring towards this report. He had provided me a nice industrial
experience.

I am no less grateful to the other employees and members of the department for their
kind co-operation and spontaneous response.

Lastly, I express my gratitude towards my family members, my teachers and college

friends for their kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in completion
of this training.

KARAN
8th Semester

CivilEngineering Department
Aryans college of Engineering, Rajpura
 Project Details

Project Name: - NIA (National Investigation Agency) Office Building and the contract
for the construction of this building is awarded to TRICON RealTech Pvt.Ltd. through
WAPCOS Limited.

Aim: Design and construction of multi-storied finished buildings including Basement

Parking, based on RCC shear wall concept.

No. of Buildings = 6 No. of Stories = G+4, Basement G+3

Construction Period = 24 Months Estimated Project Cost = 30 Crores

Agency = TRICON RealTech Private Limited

 INTRODUCTION

The basics need of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times

immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The

point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession

of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown

the social status of man.

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his

pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and

convenient location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires

considered and kept in view.

 A Peaceful environment.

 Safety from all-natural source & climate conditions

 General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye

laws, environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement,

provision of future, aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of

plan to any client.

 TYPES OF BUILDING

Buildings are classified on the basis of character of occupancy and type of use
as.

1. Residential Building

2. Educational Building

3. Institutional Building

4. Industrial Building

1- RESIDENTIAL BUILDING: In such building sleeping accommodation is

provided. It includes the living room, bed room, kitchen, hall, toilet and bath

room. It may be a single storey building or apartments.

2- EDUCATIONAL BUILDING: These includes any building using for

school, college, assembly for instruction, education or recreation.

BUILDING: These building are used for different purposes,

3-INSTITUTIONAL

such as medical or other treatment or care of a person suffering from a physical

or mental illnesses. These building includes hospital, sanatoria, jail etc.

4-INDUSTRIALBUILDING: These are buildings in which products or materials

of all kind of properties are fabricated, assembled, processed. For example

refineries, gas plant, mills etc.

 Safety on Site

Safety is very important part of any work. An induction video was showed which

highlighted the need and importance of safety at construction site. Most accidents can be

prevented by taking simple measures or adopting proper working procedures. It is very

important to discuss issues on safety and health that should be paid attention to on

construction sites for easy reference by the workers. If we work carefully and take

appropriate safety measures, there will definitely be fewer work injury cases, and our

sites will become a safe and secure place to work in. It is important to educate everyone

in the site regarding safety for following purposes.

1. Worker’s safety

2. Construction progress

3. Standard procedure

4. Legal cases

5. Working efficiency

Two standard guidelines are followed for health & environment safety

 ISO 14001-2004

 OHSAS 18001-2007

Precautions at site for safety

 Wear protective equipment.

 Do not drink or take drugs while working.

 Pay attention to personal hygiene.

 Helmet

 Harnes
s Rope

 Gloves

 Jacket
 Site Location

NIA Office Building Sidhra, JAMMU

Near Batra Hospital, Sidhra JAMMU,

Bridge
 EXCAVATION

Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools,
equipment or explosives. It also includes trenching, wall shafts, tunnelling and
underground. It is the preliminary activity of the construction project.
Excavation work on site was being done by the JCB machines and excavated soil was
transferred using dumpers.
Some measures while doing excavation work on site.

1-There should be proper timbering while excavation for basement area,

2-Dewatering should be done before construction work.
3- During rainy season excavation work should be avoided.
 Foundation

Footings ore strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under foundation
wall. Gravel or crushed stone footings may also be used. The purpose of footing is to
transfer the loads safely in the ground.

Generally, in high rise buildings three types of footings are provided

 lsolated Footing-

An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually either
square or rectangular in pion. it represents the simplest, most economical type and
most widely used footing, whenever possible, square footings are provided so as to
reduce the bending moments and shearing forces at their critical sections. Isolated
footings are used in case of Sight column loads, when columns ore not closely spaced.
An isolated footing must, therefore, be provided by two sets of reinforcement bars
placed on top of the other near the bottom of the footing. in cease of property line
restrictions, footings may be designed for eccentric loading or combined footing is
used as an alternative to isolated footing.

 Combined footing-

Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may not be
permissible to extend the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the load on
the footing will be eccentric and hence this will result in uneven distribution of load
to the supporting sod. Hence, an alternative design would be to provide a common
footing to the edge column and to an interior column close to it.
Combined footings under two or more columns are used under closely spaced,
heavily loaded interior columns where individual footings, if they were provided,
would be either very close to each other, or overlap each other. This footing is called
“combined footing™.
  Raft footing or Mat footing-

This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. This footing is used
when very heavy loads of building are to be transmitted to the underlying soil having
very low and differential bearing capacities. Due to its rigidity, it minimizes
differential settlement. There are several! Types of raft foundation in use. The most common.
Types are; the flat slab and the slab-beam types

Raft footings are provided in following cases-

 when the ground water table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to
control
buoyancy.

 When isolated footings for column overlap on each other.

 When total area of footing slab area is more than 50% of total area.

 When underground footing is required, this type of footing is provided and it

serves as footing as well as floor.
 Reinforcement

Reinforcement is one type of material which is used in construction. It’s one type of bar
that provide ductility to any structure member like Columns, beams, slabs, etc.
Reinforcement has ductile behaviour which increase strength of building and give
sign.

Re/in force/ment. Three distinguished parts of a word. If you cast a concrete slab
without steel rods, it will collapse. When the slab is casted with steel rods, it stands and
can take considerable load. Introduction of steel rods (technically called bars) to increase
its load carrying capacity is called reinforcement.

The reinforcement in concrete may be simple bar or series of bars, bend to a given
schedule which known as bar schedule and tied according to the reinforcement
drawings with stirrups. The normal diameters of bars used at site are 6, 10,12,16,20, 25
and 32 millimetres.

Bar Bending Schedule (BBS)

Bar bending schedule or schedule of bars (BBS) is a list of reinforcement bars for a
given reinforced concrete work item, and is presented in a tabular form for easy visual
reference. Table of bar bending schedule summarizes all the needed particulars of bars
– diameter, shape of bending, length of each bent and straight portions, angles of
bending, total length of each bar, and number of each type of bar. This information is a
great help in preparing an estimate of quantities.

Bar bending schedule provides details of reinforcement cutting and bending length.
Advantages of bar bending schedule is when used along with reinforcement detailed drawing
improves the quality of construction, cost and time saving for concrete construction works.
 Form Work

Formwork is one type of temporary mould in which concrete is poured to cast the
required shape of concrete.
Formworks are made from timber or steel, the surface in contact with
the concrete being selected to give the required finish. The formwork and
its associated false work must have sufficient strength to support the weight of the
wet concrete without significant distortion.

 Types of Formworks in Construction: -

1. Shuttering

2. Centering

3. Staging

1. Shuttering:
It is a part of formwork, or you may call it as derivative of formwork. Shuttering
is a vertical temporary arrangement which is arranged to bring concrete in
a desired shape.
or Formwork which supports vertical arrangement is known as shuttering.
In a technical point of view, Formwork for columns, footings, retaining walls is
called as a Shuttering.

2. Centering:
Centering is a temporary arrangement & part of formwork which is arranged
to support horizontal members. Or In a technical point of view, the formwork
for floor beams & Slabs is called as a Centering.

3. Staging:
Staging is a temporary member which is used to support formwork (either it
may be for centering or shuttering).

It is done by props, jacks, H frames, cup lock system, wooden ballies, etc.
4. Scaffolding:
Formwork is arranged to support the structural members, whereas scaffolding is
provided as a worker’s platform around the building to work at heights, Scaffolding is a
movable/fixed platform refer below image for more details.

Formwork of different materials are as follows,

1. Timber Formwork
2. Steel Formwork
3. Aluminium Formwork
4. Plywood Formwork
5. Fabric Formwork
6. Plastic Formwork

 Safety measures for formwork installation

1. The formwork shall be designed after taking into consideration spans, dead
load, setting the temperature of concrete, and working load to be supported
and safety factors for the materials used for formwork.

2. The timber formwork shall be carefully inspected before use, and members
having cracks and excessive knots shall be discarded.

3. The timber centering usually sinks when loaded with concrete, thus while
designing, allowance for this factor shall be considered.

4. The vertical supports must be sufficiently braced or secured in position so that

they don’t fail when the load is released, or the supports are accidentally hit.

5. When timber centering and tubular steel is to be used in combination,

necessary precautions must be taken to avoid any unequal settlement of
shuttering under load.
 Concreting

Concrete is most frequently used man-made construction material in the world and is
second only to water as the most used substance on Earth.

It’s obtained by mixing cementing materials, water, and aggregates, and at

times admixtures in required proportions. Before Start of concreting in construction projects,
there must be proper planning and checklist which have to follow.

Before Start of Concreting in Construction Project:

 Obtain contract documents including drawings and work programme

 Visit site for ascertaining the availability for access, services and space for
working areas
 Summarize principal quantities for Concreting in Construction Project
 Assess sources of materials
 Assess the availability of construction plant and output.

Some checks before concreting:

 Joints, Inserts and Openings Check Before Concreting in Construction
 Reinforcement check before Concreting
 Site Batching and Mixing of Concrete

 Check During Transportation of Concrete

Post Concreting Checks

 Curing of Concrete:
 Removal of Formwork and Inspection

 General Quality Control checks

 Beams and Column

Beams and columns are two important types of structural elements that play a key role
in creating a safe load path to transfer the weight and forces on a structure to the
foundations and into the ground.
Beams
A beam is a Horizontal structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally
to the beam’s axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to
the beam result in reaction forces at the beam’s support points.
The loads act transversely to the longitudinal axis, which produces the shear forces
and bending moment. The lateral load acting on beams is the main cause of the
bending of the beam. They are responsible for transferring a load from the slab to the
column. The load distribution pattern is,
Slab |> Beam |> Column |> Foundation

Purpose of beams
It is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting
its bending forces. They are made of steel or reinforced concrete (RCC)or steel. We use it
in structure to

 Resist loads
 Counter bending moment and shear forces.
 Connect the frame together.
 Provide a uniform distribution of loads.

In the beam, the different reinforcements were used having other purposes such as

 Support bars – These bars are located in the top portion of the beam and
just function to hold the stirrups in place.
 Main Bars – Provide to carry loads (Moments).
 Stirrups – To counter the shear stresses (shear force).

Types of Beams:
According to the support condition:
1. Simply supported Beams
2. Continuous Beams
3. Fixed Beams
4. Cantilever Beams
 5. Over hanging Beams
REINFORCEMENT IN RCC
BEAM
1: SINGLE REINFORCEMENT
The reinforcement is provided in the tension zone called a single reinforcement beam.

 Responsible for carrying ultimate bending moment and tension.

 Compression is counter by concrete.
 Practically this is not applicable.

2: DOUBLE REINFORCEMENT
The reinforcement is provided in both zones (Tension and compression).

 Double reinforcement is used when the depth is restricted.

 This reinforcement beam is used in structures.

Columns

A column can be defined as a vertical structural member designed to transmit a

compressive load. A Column transmits the load from ceiling/roof slab and beam,
including its own weight to the foundation. Hence it should be realized that the failure
of a column results in the collapse of the entire structure. The design of a column
should therefore receive importance.
Columns are mostly constructed by concrete; apart from those materials such as
Wood, Steel, Fibre-reinforced polymer, Cellular PVC, and Aluminium too are been
used. The type of material is been decided on the scale, coast and application of the
construction.

TYPESOF COLUMNS:

BASED ON SHAPE
 Rectangle
 Square
 Circular
 Polygon

BASED ON TYPEOFLOADING
 Axially loaded column
 Axial load and un-axial bending column
 Axial load and biaxial bending column

BASED ONPATTERN OF LATERAL REINFORCEMENT

 Tied columns
 Spiral columns

 RCC COLUMNS(REINFORCED
CONCRETE
COLUMNS)
A reinforced concrete column can be defined as a structural member with a steel frame
(reinforcement bars) composed of concrete that is been designed to carry compressive
loads.
 STIRRUPS

PURPOSEOF STIRRUPS
IN THE MEMBERS.

 Stirrups are used to counter the shear force. It is also called shear
reinforcement in the members.
 Shear force is maximum at the end supports (simply supported beams) and
zero at the mid-span and Vice-Versa in case of columns. That’s why the
spacing of stirrups or rings is closed to each end support compared to the
middle.
 Stirrups used to provide a proper shape to the members.
Sometimes, stirrups are placed
diagonally and vertically to avoid shear

failure in case of cracks in members.
 Slab Construction

A slab is a structural element, made of concrete, that is used to create flat horizontal
surfaces such as floors, roof decks, and ceilings. A slab is generally several inches thick and
supported by beams, columns, walls, or the ground.

Concrete slabs can be prefabricated off-site and lowered into place or maybe poured
in-situ using formwork. If reinforcement is required, slabs can be pre- stressed or the
concrete can be poured over rebar positioned within the formwork.

There are several different types of slabs:

1. Flat slab

2. Hollow-core ribbed slab

3. Waffle slab

4. Solid slab raft

5. Composite slab

6. Conventional slab

 Conventional Slab

This type of slab is supported with beams and columns, with the load transferred to
those elements. A conventional slab is classified as either:

 One-way: One of the most common slab types in construction projects, a one-way flat
slab uses between 4 and 6 inches of concrete to withstand heavy loads. The name of
this slab refers to the support structure. It’s designed to be used in applications
where one direction is supported and the other direction requires less support. This
type of slab is an affordable, simple solution for commercial or residential projects.
 Two-way: A two-way construction uses support beams at all four corners to
equally distribute weight throughout the entire slab. This type is commonly used in
a multi-storeyed building, where floors need to support the weight of
additional floors. The best way to determine which type you need is to review the breadth
and width of a particular project.

 Slab construction has some following process.

 Prepare Formwork

 Preparation of Slab Bedding

 Reinforcement Instalment

 Pour, Compact and Concrete Finish

 Curing of Concrete & Remove the Formwork

 Shear Wall Construction

A shear wall is a structural panel that can resist lateral forces acting on it.

Lateral forces are those that are parallel to the plane of the wall, and are typically
wind and seismic loads. In simple terms, lateral forces could push over parallel
structural panels of a building were it not for perpendicular shear walls keeping
them upright.

Shear walls are particularly important in large, or high-rise buildings, or

buildings in areas of high wind and seismic activity.

Shear walls are typically constructed from materials such

as concrete or masonry. Shear forces can also be resisted by steel braced frames
which can be very effective at resolving lateral forces but may be more expensive.

Shear walls can be positioned at the perimeter of buildings or they

may form a shear core – a structure of shear walls in the centre of a building, typically
encasing a lift shaft or stairwell.

o Types Of Shear Walls:

1. RC Shear Wall

2. Steel Plate Shear Wall

3. Plywood Shear Wall

4. RC Hollow Concrete Block Masonry Wall

5. Midply Shear Wall

o Advantages Of Shear Wall:

1. These walls provide more strength, stability, and stiffness to a building.

2. Reduce lateral sway of a building.

3. Easy to construct and easily implemented at the site.

4. Thinner walls, hence lightweight.

5. Effective in minimizing earthquake damage in structural and non-structural

elements.

6. Cost-effective.
 CURING

Curing of concrete is one of the essential requirements of the process of concreting.

Curing is the process of keeping the set concrete continuously damp for some days in
order to enable the concrete gain more strength. It has been established that the
strength of concrete increases with the age provided it is kept damp. During the process
of curing the concrete absorbs the water necessary for its complete chemical action to
reach its required strength. The strength of concrete increases more rapidly in the first
few days after setting and afterwards the rate of increase in strength go on retarding.
The period for which curing should be continued depends upon the atmosphere
conditions. In general, the process of curing should be there for at least 7 days.

Correct curing also increases resistance of concrete to abrasion and reduces shrinkage.
Curing is the name given to procedures used for promoting the hydration of cement,
and consists of a control of temperature and of the moisture movement from and into
the concrete. As the hydration of cement takes place only in the presence of moisture
and at favorable temperatures, these conditions must be maintained for a suitable time
interval called the curing period.

 OBJECTIVES :-
OF CURING

Following are the objectives of curing.

1. The main object of curing is to keep the concrete saturated or as nearly

saturated possible, until the originally water filled space in the fresh cement
paste has been filled to the desired extent by the product of hydration of cement.

2. To prevent the loss of water by evaporation and to maintain the process of

hydration. In case of site concrete the active curing stops long before the
maximum possible hydration has taken place.

3. To reduce the shrinkage of concrete.

4. To prevent the properties of concrete.

NECESSITY OF CURING:- The necessity of curing arises from the fact

that hydration of cement can take place only in water filled capillaries.
For this reason, loss of water by evaporation from the capillaries must be
prevented. Further water lost internally by self-desiccation has to be
replaced by water from outside.

Water required for chemical reaction with cement i.e., for hydration is about 25

to 30 % of the water added to the cement or less than 50 % of weight of cement,

rest of the water is used for providing workability and help to continue

hydration. Thus, hydration of sealed specimens can proceed only if the amount

of water present in the pastes is at least twice that of the water already

combined. Self-desiccation is thus of importance in mixes with water/cement

ratio less than 0.5 for higher water/cement ratios the rate of curing of sealed

specimens is same as that of saturated specimen. It has been observed that only

half the water present in the paste can be used for chemical combination, even if

the total amount of water present is less than the water required for

combination. This statement is important in view of the fact that formerly it was

believed that a concrete mix containing water in excess of that required for the

chemical action with cement, a small loss of water during hardening and the

gain in strength. Now it is known that

hydration can take place only when the vapour pressure in the capillaries is

sufficiently high, about80 % of saturated pressure. For satisfactory development

of the strength, it is not necessary that all cement should hydrate, the quality of

concrete depends on gel/space ratio of the paste.

METHODSOF CURING:
-

As the common object of all methods of curing is to prevent the loss of moisture
from the exposed surface of concrete and to keep the surface continually damp,
following methods may be adopted for this objective of curing. Actually the
method of curing depends upon the nature of work and atmospheric. Usually
following methods may be adopted.

1. Shading of concrete works.

2. Covering concrete surface with gunny bags.

3. Sprinkling water on the concrete surface.

4. Ponding of concrete.

5. Membrane curing.

FINISHING: -

Concrete is independently capable of giving architectural effect and finish. But

during the shuttering some defects occur in the concrete surface i.e. small air
voids, shuttering gaps etc. these defects are removed at the site by adding same
proportion of cement and lime/plaster of Paris with suitable quantity of water
and make a paste of normal consistency. This paste is directly applied over the
defected surface and thus the defected surface is finished.

PLASTERING: -
Cement sand mortar of ratio 1:5 is prescribed for use at site.

PURPOSE OFPLASTERING: -

1. To provide an even, smooth, regular, clean and durable finished surface.

2. To protect the surface from the effect of weathering agencies.

3. To conceal the defective workmanship.

4. To cover the inferior quality of material used in the masonry.

5. To provide the smooth base for decorative surface finishes.

6. To protect the surface against dust, dirt and vermin nuisance in case of
internal plastering.
 PROBLEMS FACEDON SITE

 Due to loads of work on the department they could not devote much
time on us explaining our doubts.

 And in running project there is stay on project due to government order

 Sometimes material used on site did not reach on correct time which
delayed work.
 CONCLUSION

Completing training in an industry like TRICON RealTech Pvt.

Ltd. has been an
extraordinary experience. The guidance they provided was great and would be very
helpful in future career. The atmosphere that they have incorporated in the industry
was very friendly and encouraging. The guidance provided by the site engineer had
stirred a new interest in the field of construction. Plus working for few months in an
industry like TRICON RealTech Pvt.
Ltd. has given us a glimpse of what our future
could be like. The training has boosted my confidence and increased my hopes as a
professional. I am sure that working in company will help me endlessly in the long run
as an employee in construction industry. Even if that may not be the case the industrial
experience of this training will help me in any large industry I may join in future.