A REPORT OF 8TH SEMETER INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

on

[CONSTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL BUILDING AT FLATWING]

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:

NAME : MD SAHMIMULUDDIN AHMED

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO.(s) : 2006444

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

QUEST INFOSYS FOUNDATION GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, JHANJERI

Feb-May, 2023
 CANDIDATE'S DECLARATION

I “MD SAHMIMULUDDIN AHMED” hereby declare that I have undertaken 8th semester Industrial
Training at “FLATWING – COMMERCIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION” during a period from
22 Feb 2023 to 10 June 2023 in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of degree of B.Tech
(Civil Engineering) from IK Gujral Punjab Technical University. The work which is being presented
in the training report submitted to Department of Civil Engineering at QUEST INFOSYS
FOUNDATION GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS is an authentic record of training work.

Signature of the Student

The Industrial training Viva–Voce Examination of____________________has been held on

______________________and accepted.

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of Head of Department

Signature of External Examiner

CERTIFICATE
 ABSTRACT

This Industrial training Report is based on, which I preformed after completion of 16 weeks of
Industrial training at Flatwings. Industrial Training completion of 16 weeks is compulsory for the
Degree of The Bachelor Of Civil Engineering.
Industrial Training program was held on 8th semester of the civil engineering
degree programme curriculum and Industrial training is carried out by the
In collaboration with the Training Division of the Flatwings.
This report contained experiences and knowledge which I gathered during my
training period from Flatwing are Excavation, Observation of Staircase Construction, Formwork
(Slab,Beam,Column), I also Observer and learned to calculater of Reinforcement in
Column,Beam,Slab (BBS) at all the Floors, Brickworks (AAC Blocks).
We Also Gained theoretical knowledge of some Test like Slum Cone Test, Cube Test, Temperature
Test by Site Engineer.
The project concern with Commercial Building - Showrooms, Office Space, Studios, SOHO(Small
Office Home Office), Food Court, Hotel Room, Restaurant, Pub, SPA and consist of 19 Unique
Floors & two basement.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Training undertaken
during B. Tech Final Year. I own special of gratitude to Dr Aakash Doomra HOD of
Department of Civil Engineering, Quest Group of Institutions, QGI for his consent
support and guidance throughout the course of our work, and providing this opportunity to
carry out the 4 month industrial training at Flatwings.
I would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanks to Mr Ekamdeep Singh, Project
Manager of Company, without whose permission, wise counsel and able guidance, it would
have not been possible to pursue my training in this manner.
The help rendered by Mr. Naveen Sharma Supervisor/Site Engineer for experimentation is
greatly acknowledged. Finally, I express my indebtedness to all those who have directly or
indirectly contributed to the successful completion of my industrial training.

Signature –
Md Sahmimuluddin Ahmed

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENT
S.NO. TITLE PAGE
NO.

ABSTRACT i
ACKNOLEDGEMENT ii
TABLE OF CONTENT iii - iv
LIST OF FIGURES v - vi
1. CHAPTER 1:- INTRODUCTION 1 - 11
1.1 Introduction to Flatwing 1
1.2 Project Overview 2
1.3 Location 3
2 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT 4
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Floor Plan 5
2.3 Organisation Chart 7
2.4 On Site Engineering 8
2.5 Site Safty 8
3 METHODOLOGY 12 - 14
3.1 Continuous Beams 12
3.2 Continuous Slabs 12
3.3 Column 12
3.4 Shear Walls 13
3.5 Lap Length 13
3.6 Scaffolding 13
4 TESTING 15 - 16
4.1 Concreting 15
4.1.1 Concrete Cube Test 15
4.2 Slum Test 16
4.3 Temperature Testing 16
5 PROJECT WORK 17 - 44
5.1 Raft Foundation 17
iii
5.2 Formwork 18
5.2.1 Column Formwork 19
5.2.2 Beam Formwork 20
5.2.3 Slab Formwork 20
5.3 Removing Formwork 20
5.4 Column Reinforcement 21
5.4.1 Lift Core Reinforcement 23
5.4.2 Beam Reinforcement 24
5.4.3 Slab Reinforcement 25
5.5 Column Cap 28
5.6 Surveying Work 31
5.7 Concrete Placement 31
5.7.1 Compacting concrete 33
5.7.2 Curing of Concrete 34
5.8 Partition wall 35
5.8.1 Brick Work 35
5.8.2 AAC Blocks 36
5.9 Stiffening 39
5.9.1 Stiffening Column In AAC Block Wall 39
5.9.2 Stiffening Beam In With AAC Block Wall 40
6 MACHINE & TOOLS 46 – 47
6.1 Tower crane 46
6.2 Ready-mix truck Concrete truck 47
6.3 Bar bending machine 47
6.4 Bar cutter 48
6.5 Grinder 48
7 CONCLUSION 49
8 REFERENCE 50

iv
List of Figures

Fig.No Title Page

1.1 Logo of company 1
1.2 Image of Building 2
1.3 Location On Map 3
2.5 Organization Chart 7
2.1 Ground Floor Plan 5
2.2 10th Floor Plan 5
2.3 11th Floor Plan 6
2.4 12th -19th Floor Plan 6
2.6 Safety Halmets 9
2.7 Safety Glasses 10
2.8 Safety Gloves 10
2.9 Safety Vest 11
2.10 Safety Shoes 11
3.1 Scaffolding 14
4.1 Concrete Cube Test 15
4.2 Slump Test 16
5.1 Raft Foundation 17
5.2 Lap Length 21
5.3 BBS Of Column Page (1) 22
5.4 BBS OF Column Page (2) 22
5.5 Reinforcement Of Column (1) 23
5.6 Lift Plan 24
5.7 Beam Reinforcement 25
5.8 Plain Of Bottom Reinforcement Of Slab 26
5.9 Plain Of Top Reinforcement OF Slab 26
5.10 Bottom Reinforcement Of Slab 27
5.11 Top Reinforcement OF Slab 27
5.12 Column Cap Formwork 28
5.13 Column Cap Reinforcement 29
5.14 Column Cap Reinforcement 29
5.15 Levelling Work 30
5.18 Concrete Placement 31
5.19 Curing 33
5.20 Brickwork 34
5.21 AAC Block 35
5.22 Stiffening Column In AAC Wall 38
5.23 Stiffening Beam in AAC Wall 39
5.24 Mortar of AAC Block 39
5.25 Cut Out Reinforcement 40
5.26 Cut Out 40
5.27 Staircase Plain 41
5.28 Staircase Section AT A-A &D-D 41
5.29 Staircase Section AT C-C & F-F 42
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 5.30 Reinforcement Of Staircase 42
5.31 Concreting Of Staircase (1) & (2) 43
6.1 Tower Crane 45
6.2 RMC 46
6.3 Bar Bending Machine 46
6.4 Bar Cutter 47
6.5 Grinder 47

List of Table

vi
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Intrtoduction to Flatwing

Flatwings main vision is aptly encapsulated in our motto: Commit and Deliver. We strive to envision,
design and construct the most magnificent landmarks and edifices; to contribute tangibly in Regional
and National Development by way of key infrastructure projects, and to protect and preserve the
Environment we live in.
At the end of the day, our Vision is about making the world a better place to live in; to transform and
to uplift the Quality of living and lifestyles of each and every individual.
We also aim to achieve global leadership in delivering an umbrella range of services virtually in all
aspects related to Construction Management, by essaying the role of India's one of the leading
engineering construction development of the company.

Fig. 1.1 – Logo of Company

1
1.2 Project Overview

Figure 1.2: Image of Building

• Project :Showrooms, Office Space, Studios, SOHO(Small Office Home Office), Food Court,
Hotel Room, Restaurant, Pub, SPA
• Description :19 Unique Floors & two basement with a Capacity of 1,000 Cars.
• Client : GBP
• Contractor :Suray Construction (Pvt )Lt
• Consultant : Design Consortium Ltd (DCL)
• Project management : Department of Building (DOB)
• Total site area :4.075 Acres

2
1.3 Location

Figure 1.3: Location On Map

Product Line: Showrooms, Office Space, Studios, SOHO(Small Office Home

Office), Food Court, Hotel Room, Restaurant, Pub, SPA

Location: Zirakpur, Mohali

Area: 4.075 Acres

RERA Number PBRERA-SAS79-PC0021

3
 CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

2.1 Introduction
"Centrum" is an integrated lifestyle architectural marvel which will become a landmark of Chandigarh
Capital Region - Tricity i.e. Chandigarh-Panchkula-Mohali. It is a mixed use project offering
commercial spaces in Zirakpur, Mohali near Chandigarh. It is strategically located on NH-22,
Chandigarh-Ambala Highway. The Project stands out as a 2-side open Corner Property with 800 Sq.
ft. space front facing NH-22 & 250 Sq. ft space front facing Nagla Road. It is the perfect combination
of affordable luxury and comfort. Centrum is the tallest building of Zirakpur with 19 stories.
GBP Centrum provides commercial space, office space, and commercial properties in Zirakpur
Chandigarh. They can be used as Showrooms, Small Office Home Office, Restaurant, SPA.
Project Highlights:

● Tallest Building in the region integrating 19 Unique Floors

● Designed by Space Matters, one of the leading design firms in India.
● Unmatched services of most Luxurious 4 Star Hotel.
● Underground parking with 2 Basement Levels with a Capacity of 1,000 Cars.
● “Tranquillity Zone” with a Spa, Gymnasium, Beach Deck and Executive Club.
● Business Centric Facilities such as Conference Rooms, Receptions, House Keeping Services
● Voice – over Internet Telephony.
● RFID and Biometric Access.
● 2 Side Visibility of the project.
● 15 minutes drive from Chandigarh International Airport.
● Well connected to Chandigarh Capital Region - Tricity (Chandigarh, Panchkula & Mohali)
● Located in industrial, commerce & business centric hub in the company of world renowned
brands like Metro, Walmart, Decathalon, KFC, Mc Donalds, Hotel Park Plaza, Hotel Aloft,
Hotel Best Western.
● The Centrum in Zirakpur, will be the city’s tallest and tri- city 3rd tallest building at 250 feet
tall. θ The Centrum stands out as a 2-side open prime Property with 800 Sq. ft. space front
facing & 250 Sq. ft space from other side.

4
2.2 Floor Plans

Figure 2.1: Ground Floor Plan

Figure 2.2: 10th Floor Plan

5
 Figure 2.3 : 11th Floor Plan

Figure 2.4: 12th- 19th Floor Plan

6
2.3 Organization Chart

Figure 2.5 : Organization Chart

7
2.4 On Site Engineers

From Client
● Er. Naveen Sharma
From Contractor
1. Project Manager –
● Samandeep Singh
2. Site Engineer -

● Er. Vijay Kumar

● Er. Kahwar Shakti Singh
● Er. Parmod Kumar
● Er. Pardeep Choudhary

3. Forman
● Kulwinder Singh
● Om Prakash

4. Safety Engineer
● Risau Kumar

5. Labour

2.5 Site Safety

Safety is not a simple word just ignore in the construction site which cause serious
injuries or permeant disable during the construction activities. In the records shows that many of
injuries or permeant disable or fatal have been happened around construction sites in past decades.
Therefore Site Safety management is essential in any large scale to small scale projects. Builder or
Contractor first priority is fulfil safety measurements in the Site and ensure safe place or environment
to workers. Workers have right to work in safe area and Employer is obliged to provide adequate safety
measurements. If there is no such sufficient safety, Supervisor prohibited enforcing workers working
under insecure area.
MOL Project assigned Safety division, which has Safety Manager and 3 Safety
Officers or Supervisor. Daily Safety Officer visit site in several time and supervising safety in the site
and take necessary action. Safety officer has authority to force workers and supervisors if there have
any hazard and take suitable preventative action.
In the site, Riggers (who erecting scaffolding) were under Safety Officer command. Follows are main
responsibilities of safety officer.
• ∙ Awareness and understanding of all Safety rules and regulations in the Company.

8
 • ∙ Develop and implement safe systems of work for the project in conjunction with the Safety
Manager.
• ∙ Handle Riggers, erect external and internal scaffolding.
• ∙ Provide or issue PPE and clothes to workers and site Staff.
• ∙ Report any injuries resulting from work activities. (Include hazard area,conditions and
unsafe operations etc…)
• ∙ Conduct safety meeting to works as well as staff.

Accidents are caused due to unsafe condition and unsafe act.

The most common types of accidents at sites are :-
• Getting hit by a falling object(material or tool fall from top)
• Falling from heights
• Electric shock
• Another worker stand while material shifting
• Getting hit by a moving vehicle
• Injury due to moving machinery (ex. Power saw, drill hammer, bar
• bending machine etc.)
• Due to inadequate light will be injured
• Slip and fall while climbing the ladder during the rain

Hard Hat or Helmet

Hard hat or helmet is issued to each and every personnel working on site. It has to be worn all times
at job site.

Figure 2.6 : Safety Halmets

9
Safety Glasses
Safety glasses are required at construction site every time debris is filled in air due to activities on
site.

Figure 2.7 : Saftey Glasses

Hand Protection Gloves

Hand gloves are supplied to all personals to protect against cuts when handling material or equipment’s,
during cleaning operations, cutting metal studs or similar works.

Figure 2.8 : Safety Gloves

10
Safety Vests
Safety vests also called as high visibility shirts. Purpose of safety vest is to keep the person always
clear in view, even in the dark and he should be visible to everyone.

Safety vests are of different bright colors like red, green, yellow so it’s easy forworkers to see and
locate each other.

Figure 2.9 : Safety Vests

Proper Clothing
Shirts, long pants and hard soul shoes, a 6-inch-high boot is recommended.

Figure 2.10 : Safety Shoe

11
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

When I started the training period, Project was completed up to 10th Level. Continuing mainly
structural and Basement waterproofing activities were on the site. Building was divided into 5 Zones.
Main sections of the site activities are Formwork, Steel Fitting (Reinforcement), Concreting and
Finishing. I trained first 2 ½ months on Formwork section and remain period in Reinforcement.
Intermediately, I learnt surveying works (Slab leveling, basic of setting out works), concrete placement
and finishing (Block works). First day of the training I had safety instruction and introduction about
the project. PM instructed me to observe activities going on the project and I studied the site layout.
Especially during training, I gain experience about labour management, activities controlling, and
implementing task according to standard operation in right labour on right situation. During the training
I refreshed my structural knowledge which I learnt from academic. Behalf from that learnt new
structural elements and features such as coupling beam, shear walls, trimmer bars and learnt new
method of formwork technology, concrete placement, how to make BBS and construction procedure.
And mainly I learnt about labour management which can be gained through experience.

Follows are included structural elements theories which I learnt from academic and
comparison with application during training.

3.1 Continuous beams - beam is a flexural member transmit gravity load to columns by internal
forces. Continuous beam is indeterminate structures which are designed to resist bending moment and
deflection mainly. Continuous beam generates large negative moment at the supports and positive
moment at the mid-span. At the bottom main reinforcement is provided re-bar is lapped where 1/3 of
beam span. At the top main reinforcement is provided to resist negative sagging moment. Vertically
stirrups or links are arranged to bear shear load and to avoid cracks generating in diagonally. Stirrups
spacing varies along the span and less spacing will be provided to resist higher shear force at the
supports. Newly I learnt longitudinal Lacer bar (tie bar) which is inserted to large depth beam more
than 750mm.

3.2 Continuous slabs – It is 2D element which is designed by considering 1m width continuous

beam strip. Due to transverse load positive moment will be generated at the mid span and negative
moment at the supports. Therefore Slab provided two layers of B1, B2 at the mid span T1 and T2 at
the supports. In the site I observed that spacing of each panel, outermost bay spacing was closer than
mid bay due to large bending moment at the mid span.

3.3 Column - is vertical load bearing member which transmit beam load safely to the
foundation. Columns are subjected to compression load as well as biaxial bending
moments. Columns are design according to BS8110 adequate longitudinal reinforcement and transvers
reinforcement (stirrups). Stirrups are resisting the movement of the main longitudinal reinforcement
during construction and restraining each reinforcing bar against buckling.

3.4 Shear walls – are used in building to resist lateral force due to wind and earthquakes. Mainly
shear walls are predominant when designing tall buildings. There are different types of walls
rectangular, barbell and flanged. Vertical reinforcement is provided to resist flexure capacity and
12
horizontal reinforcement is provided to prevent diagonal tension failure. Arrangement of shear wall
symmetrical at least one axis. Barbell and flanged shaped shear walls have greater resistance against
sliding shear.

3.5 Lap length – minimum length which transfer load to concrete safely and to another
bar. Load transfer to other member in the concrete is governed by the bearing of the
Re-bar ribs against the concrete. In the concrete developed compressive strut with an
angle of 45 degrees. In this site recommended to used lap length is 52*D.
I have been trained as a training site engineer during period of training and studied
duties and responsibilities of site engineer as follows,
• Executing activities according to contract drawings and specifications, agreed procedures
and method statements.
• Full control the workforce on site to achieve planned task.
• Ensuring that safety rules and regulations are communicated to the workforce and are
• fully aware.
• Site surveying and setting out, dimensional control, prepare BBS, Record productivity of
day work.
• Monitoring all Sub-contractors work closely to ensure that the Quality of the work is as
per specification and is completed on time.
• Review technical aspects of Method Statements produced by subcontractors.
• Preparing activities for the inspection coordinate adjustment and carry out rectification.
• General site management and assign right workforce each activity
• Informed or report PM related issues affect to the project completion and quality.

3.6 Scaffolding
Scaffoldings are temporary structures which are used for many purposes of
construction activities such as enabling high elevation of access, covering around building and making
safe platforms to deliver materials.
Traditionally scaffolding system used to make safe platform such as using GI pipes
(1.8m, 3m, and 6m) and Clamps. There are two clamps available; called free and fixed. MOL project
initially used different scaffolding system which is called Cup Locks. Easy to erect and there is new
method to lock each member. Main part of the Cup Lock system is stand (vertical member in 3m high
and cups are in 500mm spacing to connect members) and Ledger(1800mm and 900mm lengths are
available which is connecting to cup horizontally.) Cup links were used in internal works for binding
the reinforcement of columns, lift core and shear wall, and facilitating for inspection works and used
as a slab forms supporting system. Externally, cup links were used to erect around the building. But
issue was cup locks are expensive, therefore external safety scaffolding system switched to scaffolding
frames to cover building.

13
Figure 3.1 : Scaffolding

14
 CHAPTER 4
TESTING
4.1 Concreting
Concrete is engineered material which is mixture of coarse and fine aggregates,
cement, water and admixture into different proportion. Initially mixture shows plastic
characteristics (fresh concrete) remain short period, initiate chemical process of water cement reaction
called “Hydration” bind with aggregate become harden very hard like rock character.

For Column =M50

For Slab = M25
For Beam = M25
For Staircase =M25

4.1.1 CONCRETE CUBE TEST

Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of concrete.
By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not. Concrete
compressive strength for general construction varies from 15 MPa to 30 MPa and higher in commercial
and industrial structures.
Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio, cement
strength, quality of concrete material, quality control during production of concrete
Test for compressive strength is carried out either on cube or cylinder. Various standard codes
recommends concrete cylinder or concrete cube as the standard specimen for the test.

Figure 4.1 : Concrete Cube Test

After 1 day cured cubes were removed from the mould and labeled (date,
15
Grade). After that cubes were immersed into water tank. Cubes were tested in 3, 7 and 21 days by using
cube testing machine [Figure 34]. Before inserting cubes, should have to measure weight and
dimensions of the cubes. After placing smooth surface to compressive Figure 303: preparation of
samples Figure 34: Cube Testing Machine
40 plates, machine was run and calibrated value was noted when appeared the cracks. Values were
given in KN by dividing we can get compressive strength of the specific cube

4.2 Slump test –

The purpose of slump test used to determine the consistency of fresh concrete and to give an
indication of the amount of water used in the concrete mix. The test was conducted by using 300mm
high steel cone open end both side of 100mm and 200mm dia, taper rod and steel plate. Large dia end
of the cone was placed on plate then concrete was poured and tapered 25 times by using taper rod in
three layers. Slowly raised and lifted the cone and the height of top of inverted cone and highest position
of concrete sample distance is
called “Slump”, which was measured by using ruler. Contract document specified allowable slump for
C60 and C40 200mm +or- 25mm and for C30 175mm +or – 25mm. Generally when Grade of concrete
increases slump also increase. If slump was in below the minimum requirement water added according
to contract document but the case of exceedance of maximum limit ready mix truck will be rejected.

Figure 4.2 : Slump Test

4.3 Temperature test – temperature is important factor which will effect to the setting off concrete.
Concrete will set faster in higher temperature due to that labour faced difficulties in handling of
concrete. Thermometer used to measure temperature by inserting at least 3 inches. In the site C65 used
where columns therefore temperature was specified in contract document. Concrete shouldn’t be
exceeding ambient temperature otherwise concrete will be wastage or burnt. Concrete Inspector should
have to be record arrival time of the truck, batch time, slump, unit weight, time of placement and
location of pour. Maximum ready-mix can be kept 413hr, therefore inspector should have to pay close
attention of elapsed time between batching and subsequent placement.

Result - Test are not done by me and no data provided by site engineer.

16
 CHAPTER 5
PROJECT WORK

FOUNDATION:
5.1 Raft Foundation
Raft foundations (sometimes known as Mat Foundations) are a large concrete slab which can support
a number of columns and walls.

The slab is spread out under the entire building or at least a large part of it which lowers the contact
pressure compared to the traditionally used strip or trench footings.

Because of the speed and volume of houses required after the second world war, the raft foundation
was widely used. The raft foundation was cheaper, easier to install and most importantly, did not require
as much excavation as the usual strip foundations.

When the Building Regulations were introduced in 1965 there were no generic rules for raft
foundations as there were for strip foundations.

This meant that to use a raft foundation, it had to be designed and approved by Building Control. This
made the entire operation much more difficult and time consuming so raft foundations became less
widely used almost overnight.

Figure 5.1 : Raft Foundation

17
When Are Raft Foundation used - Rafts are most often used these days when the strata is unstable
or (because of this) a normal strip foundation would cover more than 50% of the ground area beneath
the building. There are also situations (usually in areas where mining has occurred) where there may
be areas of movement in the strata.

They are much more commonly used in the construction of commercial building in the UK that they
are for domestic homes, but can be used very successful in both situations. To understand when it is
better to use raft foundations, you need to understand how they work.

A raft foundation is usually preferred under a number of circumstances:

• it is used for large loads, which is why they are so common in commercial building which
tend to be much larger, and therefore heavier, than domestic homes
• The soil has a low bearing capacity so the weight of the building needs to be spread out over a
large area to create a stable foundation
• The ratio of individual footings to total floor space is high. Typically if the footings would
cover over half of the construction area then raft foundation would be used
• If the walls of the building are so close that it would cause the individual footings to overlap,
then raft foundations should be used

Advantages and Dis-Advantages of Raft Foundation

Followings are the advantages of raft foundation:

• Mat foundation can be provided where the shallow foundation is necessary but soil
condition is poor.
• It resists differential settlement. • Mat foundation requires less earth excavation.
• Mat foundation itself can be considered as a floor slab. So it reduces the cost of
constructing floor slab.
• Distribute loads over a larger area.

Followings are the disadvantages of raft foundation:

• Prone to edge erosion.

• Special measurements are needed when mat foundation is subjected to the concentrated
load

Following sub-chapter included which I performed task during training with relevant
information.

5.2 Formwork

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A rigid structure or mould fixed temporarily which is retained size, shape and the
position of Structural elements (Column, Walls, Beam, Slab) until set up fresh concrete.
Formwork is the single largest cost component in the concrete buildings. In some situation cost of
formwork is higher than steel and concrete. Selection of suitable formwork mainly depends on project
quality, time and cost of erecting and removing, safety of formwork and direct and indirect costs.
Formwork should be easily fabricate, easily erect and remove and more times of reuse.
There are two types of formwork solution, which are

Conventional formwork – Basic formwork solution which can be designed

carpenters also. Normally used Plywood, Lumbers
(2X2, 2x4), GI pipes, thread bar, Form ties, P-Cone,
Props and Chains.

System formwork - Differentiate with conventional formwork which are

prefabricated outside of the job. It’s made of steel or
timber specific shapes and sizes. Formwork positioning and plumbing was done in a simplest way, first
have to established edge and offset lines each structural element. For columns normally 1000mm
offsets were established around column, supervisor should have to calculate offset distance from edge.
For walls, kerb 200mm or 300mm offset are established by using Marking cord. Plumb bob with string
will be attached where top of the form and distance will be measured by reducing the thickness of
board and hanged. Top prop or chain was used to push or pull the form in correct place by observing
plumb bob nib. And kicker props used to adjust correct location of the form.
Sub-contractors or carpenter tried to finish job as soon as possible, therefore they
generally made mistakes, not adhere to method statements and quality of the work will be reduced.
Proper inspection and communication is mandatory to finish work as quality.

5.2.1 Column Formwork

Column formwork is a vertical form or panel in different sizes and shapes, which have designed to
resist initial hydrostatic pressure of wet concrete. I had chance to observed conventional method of
column formwork, shuttered column was G-2 (Grid position) 400X 1200 mm column. Normally The
Columns are covered up to 3m.
Basically using materials are Steel Plats, Steel pipes (2’) steel plates are place vertically in direction
along column and then tightn with steel screw. After screwing plumb is used to check that formwork
is straight from all four sides. FinallySteel Walerwere installed horizontally and (GI pipes) were
installed horizontally and tightened by using form ties Key.
When supervising conventional column formwork initially has to inspect kicker is in
accurate dimensions, avoid studs spacing maximum, separates are arranged in accurate
lengths, Instruct to fixed double walers perpendicular to studs and maintained horizontality of walers.
Good alignment is depending on proper waler tighten.

Common problems arising during job are;

• Plates is not leveled difficult to plumb and bottom create openings.
• Top prop braced is in insufficient height due to that Waler got twist.
• Or Anchor bolt released from concrete surface during turning props.
• Crane is not available.
• Over size Covering Blocks are placed difficult to close and difficult to plum the panel.
• Panels are damage during de-shuttering and inadequate Form oil pasting.
19
5.2.2 Beam formwork

Beam formwork is a three side box including two sides form and a soffit these sides’ forms are retained
initial static wet concrete load and soffit form bear initial load (imposed load and reinforcement load)
and wet concrete load.
Beam formwork done in conventional method first we prepared beam soffit form,
which is done simply according to GA (General Arrangement) calculating the span length and width
of the beam. Power Saw was used by carpenters to saw the Steel Plates.

5.2.3 Slab formwork

Formwork for slabs is somewhat different than formwork of walls or columns. Slab
forms are elevated; therefore, they require some type of vertical support. Also, workers will be working
on the formwork. Slab form safety is important due to increment of static dead load and any impact
load. In many instance, formwork failure happens due to inadequate shoring for slab. Shores must be
secured at the top and bottom ends to prevent any movement or displacement.
MULTIFLEX Girder Slab formwork system easy to erect, remove and shores also.
Shoring system was done in adjustable steel props or Cup Links.
Firstly arranged shoring system and at the top of shoring cross frokhead or U-head
were placed and where primary girders overlapping position must install Cross frokhead not U-head.
Then Primary girders kept 1.8m apart but near to the beam form kept 500mm spacing. Overlap length
of primary girders app. 600mm. practically difficult to keep that length therefore nailed cross head with
girder. For safety of slab form used 05 primary girders across 8m span.
Before placing secondary girders, string was attached to corner of side form of beam.
Cross heads (U- head max 1 ft. and cross frok-head max. 500mm can be screwed up) were adjusted
according 200mm deep with the string. It is very convenience to slab leveling. Types of girders are
selected to suitable place maintain 400mm spacing c/c of the secondary girders. Finally Steel Plates
were laid down at the edge of side board were plumbed by using speed level and weld it . It is necessary
to check that top side boards were Weld and joints were closed.

5.3 Removing Formwork

Removing or dismantling of formwork is important as the erecting of formwork. Care

of removing will be depended on number of reuse and less damage. Removals of forms weredone by
after achieving sufficient strength of concrete bear itself.
But these duration varied with curing methods adopting at site and temperature of the
around site. Order of removing form,
• All vertical forms of column, wall, beam side and column head side forms should be
removed first.
• Next, slab soffit should be removed.
• Finally, beam soffit form should be removed.

Unsafe removal of forms are damaged mainly Steel Plates corner edge and top of panel
form. Basically de-shuttering of slab formworks are done in standard procedure. Initially Uhead
or frokhead were lowered some extent by rotating screws. Then all secondary girders
20
were toppled on to primary girders and removed. One end sharp hook tool used to remove plywood.
Scaffolding set used to catch the plywood without drop on the floor.
Sometimes face difficulties when de-shuttering walls forms, best practice to use form
oil (diesel with grease-non environmental friendly) before shuttering the element. When apply the form
oil form should be cleaned free of debris or concrete grout. Walls deshuttering were done by using
Tower crane. Vertical forms weren’t kept longer period if not difficult to remove.

5.4 Column Reinforcement

Column is vertical member which has R/F of longitudinal (main bars) and transvers (links or stirrups).
These longitudinal bars must be lapped to provide structural continuity.
MOL project up to 12th level 32 , 28 , 16 mm dia. Bars were used.
▪ Overlap splice –this method frequently used to lapped and tightened from iron
wire of discontinued rebar and transmit the force to another re-bars. This lap
length is minimum length have to provide when connection another bar.

Figure 5.2 : Lap Length

Lap length equation is provided in [Figure 25] and connecting bar has to be cranked to provide same
orientation line to transfer the loads. When cranking the Re-bar refers BS8666 shape code 26, from
that we can found the cutting length of the bar. It is compulsory to provide Lap length to transfer
resisting moment to starter bars. At least two ties reuired to tighten Lap with out loosening during
concrete placement

21
Figure 5.3: BBS OF Column (Page 1)

22
 Figure 5.4: BBS OF Column (Page 2)

Figure 5.5 : Column Reinforcement

For column R/F work requires 04 bar benders. Scaffoldings were erected up 6m, two bar benders
worked at the top and other two carrying vertical Re-bars [Figure 19] all vertical bars were lapped after
stirrups were inserted at the top in correct order and correct position. Column R/F work can be
completed around 8hr by supplying 04 barbenders. Thoroughly have to supervise the covering issue,
stirrups spacing, lap length pattern and location. Covering placement is final part which has to check
covering block size and where it is bind tightly without loosen when shuttering the forms.

5.4.1 Lift core Reinforcement

Lift core is critical area of the building which is the strongest area of the building.
Reinforcements were arranged vertically and horizontally and open leg ties placed where to anchor
vertical and horizontal R/F. MOL project has 08 lift opening and 08 lift wall door opening. Vertical
members were fitted to starter bars app. less than 200m spacing. And when connecting Re-bar specified
lap length (52*D) have to provide. Horizontal R/F was installed 12 dia. re-bars and when binding
horizontal bars should be in specified spacing according R/F Drawing. Wall should be sized by using
steel tape or alternatively corner of wall was plumbed by using plumb bob with offset line. It is
important check all length of wall edges and openings to minimize facing covering issue else when
shuttering the form or problem may be major and steel will be toughed with the form. One leg ties also
made 12mm dia. Rebars and arrangement have to be followed correct position and direction. And open
leg ties placement should be done in interchanging way to give good interlock of R/F.
23
Vertical R/F Drawing showed the open leg ties generally called Hooks arrangement.
Other thing is thoroughly has to inspect the coupling beam of the lift core walls. TBM was established
by survey helpers on the lift shaft wall. From that point bottom parallel
reinforcements of the coupling beam were installed with defined anchorage length or
development length. It is important to supervise the diagonal reinforcement placement. All re-bars were
arranged according to drawing and anchorage length with wall has to provide defined minimum value.

Figure 5.6: Lift Plan

5.4.2 Beam Reinforcement

Beam reinforcement started where intersecting the beams with column. Beam R/F can
be started after completing the shuttering of beam and slab forms. Beam R/F binding have
done in standard procedure followed by sub-contractor also as follow,
1. Two or more column Links/stirrups were lowered middle of the beam.
2. To place secondary beam top support bars, temporary 25mm Re-bar bind
horizontally above slab form about depth of beam.
3. As per Drawing, correct nu. of top support bars were placed on that temporary
Re-bar in correct length.
4. After select suitable stirrups sizes according to drawing, stirrups were loaded
to top support bar, when loading stirrups must consider stirrups’ hook side and
avoid putting same side due to happen a shear line of failure.
5. According to drawing stirrups spacing were arranged and primary beam top
support bar were placed on the secondary beam support bars.
6. After inserted all required stirrups to both side, hanger bars were lapped and
24
tied up the stirrups correct position by looking covering of both sides.
7. Then bottom layer Re-bars were inserted and lapped at the correct place.
8. If there were two layers second bottom layer kept on spacers to maintain gap.
9. Stirrups should have to tie up balancing covering because covering problems
would be arisen when lowering the beam R/F.
10. Beams were lowered after placing bottom covering in a 1m gap.

Figure 5.7: Beam Reinforcement

5.4.3 Slab Reinforcement

Typically slabs have 2 layers B defined bottom reinforcement and T defined as top
reinforcement. At the mid span large positive bending moment occurred therefore bottom
reinforcement is only provided at the mid span and at the support both top and bottom layers
are provided. Standard procedure was followed by steel fitters as follows
1. Firstly, chokes were used to mark correct spacing of bottom layer at least
places of the panel along span on the slab form.
2. Two or more steel fitters engaged in placing the correct bar B1 according to
BBS.
3. B2 layer fixed at 03 places across B1 with covering block at marked position.
4. Alternative ties were made and restrict movement of layers
5. Chairs were positioned in 1m interval to stop deformed under imposed load.
6. Top reinforcement also placed as defined length from drawing and distribute
bars also inserted inside top Re-bars.

25
Figure 5.8 : Bottom Reinforcement Detail of 12th Floor Slab

26
Figure 5.9 : Top Reinforcement Detail of 12th Floor slab

27
 Figure 5.10 : Bottom Reinforcement

Figure 5.11: Top reinforcement

5.5 Column Cap

The column cap is a widening at the top of a column, to provide additional surface area of bearing. A
column cap will distribute the load to prevent any type of punch through of the column and the load
being supported.
The column cap can be of various shapes and sizes. The shape of the column must be designed to fit
the architectural design requirements, as well as the size of the space surrounding the column. In
28
addition, the head height is important, especially if the columns are in a garage space or a pedestrian
walkway. The proper engineering of the column cap is important to ensure that the stresses of the
column loading are distributed into the column cap. If column caps are designed into the structure, then
not only must the caps be properly engineered, the supported structures must also be engineered to
accept the distribution of the load distribution of the column cap. Standard formwork usually allows
the forming of standard column caps for this stress distribution.
Spacing of bar in Column Cap = 300mm
Concrete grade used in column = M50

Figure 5.12 : Column Cap Formwork

29
Figure 5.13: Column Cap Reinforcement

Figure 5.14 : Column Cap After Construction

30
5.6 Surveying works
Surveying works included mainly horizontal surveying and vertical surveying which
is used to locate the structural elements correct position, verticality control, level of slab form and
reinforcement etc…

Slab levelling

Initially Dumpy level mounted and leveled the instrument by arranging the legs.
Height of collimation was measured at the TBM (1000mm) by keeping steel tape. Readings were taken
by using inverted staff holding to the forms. For beam soffit staff held to Steel Plates and for slab staff
held to lower girder.

Figure 5.15 : Levelling Work

5.7 Concrete Placement

Entire concrete placement carefully inspected because quality of the finished concrete
greatly depends on handling of concrete during placement. During concrete placement,
segregation of the coarse aggregate from the mortar, or loss of free water (bleeding) from the concrete
mixture must be avoided. Contractor has to select the method to facilitate concrete placement and it
has to be approved from Consultant project up to 10th floor used pump car to pour concrete for slabs
after that method was changed from 11th floor pump line assembled to the top of building and pump
machine plant near to Labour Department side. To cast Columns and shear walls used concrete bucket
by lifting from tower crane. Capacity of the pressed steel bucket is about 0.3 meter cube.
Slab concerting done using flexible hose used to pour M50 for beam and for slabs M25 and concrete
bucket used to pour M50 for column.

31
 Figure 5.18 : Concrete placement

Common problems during placement of concrete

segregation, bleeding, waterevaporation from concrete, cold joints etc…

Segregation is a tendency of separate concrete mix constituent result of non-uniform

proportion in the mass. Segregation mainly occurred due to poor graded of aggregates and excessive
water contain in the concrete. Coarse aggregates will be separated from the concrete if concrete drop
from high elevated level. When concrete placing at the stair case, is recommended to create chute and
poured concrete through the chute.
Bleeding is emergence of water newly placed concrete, simply gain of water. Result
of bleeding concrete become porous, weak and in the concrete Laitance will be occurred.
Laitance is a weak and nondurable material containing cement and fines. Water will be
accumulated at the top of concrete surface. Proper compaction and preventing adding
excessive water into concrete can be controlled bleeding. Cold joints happened due to delay of
placement concrete; one layer of concrete had hardened before subsequent layer was placed. Cold joint
is visible line of discontinuity in the
surface.

32
Before concrete placement pre-inspections were carried out, those are

• Checking formwork alignment, location and dimensions

• Forms are tightening enough to bear concrete load without bulge.
• Surface clean and free of foreign material. {Before pouring concrete surface should be
chipped off and laitance should be removed. Chipping is stop when appearing rough surface.
Weak
• substance and foreign material deposit such as punch sheet have to be removed.}
• Construction joints were setup according to contract document. Construction joints were
placed when pouring is difficult to cover whole building.
• Construction joint are can be categorized into two; vertical joint and horizontal joint.
• Vertical joints are located 1/3 of the span. Dowel bars also placed to restrict movements
around the joint. Horizontal joints are at the column, walls 3m from the bottom.
• If there were rust, grease, oil and grout in the reinforcement, it should be removed.
• Reinforcement lap splice arrangement should be approved from consultant or Engineer.
• Levels are given by asst.surveying helpers to finish the concrete surface;
therefore have to check with TBM.(due to vibration level will be changed)

5.7.1 Compacting concrete

Compaction of concrete is significant to obtain higher strength in concrete.
Transported concrete contain entrapped air in voids. These voids reduce the strength of
concrete and which are increased permeability. Other hand voids reduce the contract area of the
reinforcement with concrete.
Compaction we used another term Consolidation of concrete. Consolidation is a
process of closer arrangement of solid particle with mortar during the placement of concrete by usually
internal vibrators. Proper consolidation shows uniform, non-porous, hard and well bound with
concrete. Poor consolidation will be occurred Honeycomb in the faces.
Honeycomb is occurred mortar segregate from aggregates and creates hollow spaces around
aggregates. Poor vibration during placement, congested reinforcement and stiff concrete or less
workability are some factors will effect to make Honeycomb in the surface. Honeycomb can be seen
in naked-eye. Treatment will be different due to advance of the honeycomb. Generally treatment was
done defected area of concrete chipped off and removed loose particles cavity spaces. After proper
cleaning, two emulsions were applied into reinforcement surface and concrete surface to bond
adequately. After that high strength repair mortar was poured at the top of close form.
When casting of vertical elements were pouring into three equal layers. One layer
nearly 1m high. An internal vibrator (poker) was inserted vertically and avoided dropping the vibrator.
Practically poker immersed 300mm to 500mm. operator must be convinced to avoid
toughing poker with formwork and operator should notice circle influence around poker where
concrete finished the consolidation. Poker immersion is restricted to few seconds and
poker should be arisen after seen air bubble or surface level dropping. Otherwise too long operation
may cause segregation of coarse aggregates and aggregates will be sunk. Distance of poker installment
is depend on operator judgment but normally used rule of thumb is used,i.e 10 times of poker head dia.

33
After compacting first layer, second layer poured that time poker installing have to inspect thoroughly
because operator try to immerse poker into first layer, that is risky situation of safety of formwork, due
to high pressure load exerted to the forms may be bulge.

5.7.2 Curing of Concrete

Concrete strength and quality mainly depends on curing method adopted in the site.
Curing is a procedure, which provides sufficient free water in the cement paste to help theprocess of
Hydration. It is important to achieve design strength of the concrete, hydration must be controlled.
Initial setting time of the concrete is critical therefore water must be retained and prevented
evaporation. Conversely explosive to the rain must be covered. When using OPC 7 days at least have
to be cured the concrete. Otherwise shrinkage will inducetensile stress and appear surface cracks. When
hydration process started heat will be generated, early thermal expansion also can be controlled by
using curing methods.
Basically temperature, humidity and wind speed are factors effect to free water content of the concrete
for evaporation. Improper curing methods are lay the path of reducing the strength of the concrete and
result concrete will be permeable.
There are different methods of curing, in the site used spray water to expose surface of concrete and
covered it from damp burlap. Times of water spraying is depends on the weather condition of
surrounding. Site was adhered to do curing three times of the day. (8am, 12am and 3pm). Curing is
mandatory; people were not practice to start curing after removal of formwork due to inconvenience.
Sprinklers are beast solution of curing concrete slabs which is increase moisture in
atmosphere; in the market there are some of new methods to improve quality of the concrete and
productivity which are liquid seal coat, water proof papers, plastic sheeting etc…

Figure 5.19 : Curing

34
5.8 Partition wall
A partition wall may be defined as a wall or division made up of bricks, studding, glass or other such
material and provided for the purpose of dividing one room or portion of a room from another.
If partition walls are load bearing then they are called as 'internal wall'.
Partion Wall are of Two Types
1. Brick Wall
2. AAC Block

5.8.1 Brick Work

• Bricks of dimensions 215 mm × 102.5 mm × 65 mm;

• Mortar beds and perpends of a uniform 10 mm.

Reinforcement Bar of 6 mm is provided After 3 Stack of brick, it is provided so that the strength of
brick wall is increased

Figure 5.20 : Brick Work

35
5.8.2 AAC Blocks[Autoclaved Aerated Concrete]

Figure 5.21 : AAC Block Work

Size Of AAC Block= 625 X 200 X 200 mm
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete is a Lightweight, Load-bearing, High-insulating, Durable building
product, which is produced in a wide range of sizes and strengths. AAC Blocks is lightweight and
compare to the red bricks AAC blocks are three times lighter.
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, precast, foam concrete building material suitable
for producing concrete masonry unit (CMU) like blocks.
AAC products may be used for both interior and exterior construction, and may be painted or coated
with a stucco or plaster compound to guard against the elements, or covered with siding materials such
as veneer brick or vinyl siding. In addition to their quick and easy installation, ACC materials can be
routed, sanded, or cut to size on site using standard power tools with carbon steel cutters.

Uses of AAC Block

AAC is a highly thermally insulating concrete-based material used for both interior and exterior
construction. Besides AAC's insulating capability, one of its advantages is quick and easy installation,
because the material can be routed, sanded, or cut to size on site using standard power tools with carbon
steel cutters.
AAC is well suited for high-rise buildings and those with high temperature variations. Due to its lower
density, high-rise buildings constructed using AAC require less steel and concrete for structural
members. The mortar needed for laying of AAC blocks is reduced due to the lower number of joints.
Similarly, the material required for rendering is also lower due to the dimensional accuracy of AAC.
36
The increased thermal efficiency of AAC makes it suitable for use in areas with extreme temperatures,
as it eliminates the need for separate materials for construction and insulation, leading to faster
construction and cost savings.
Even though regular cement mortar can be used, most of the buildings erected with AAC materials use
thin bed mortar in thicknesses around ⅛ inch, depending on the national building codes. AAC materials
can be coated with a stucco or plaster compound to guard against the elements, or covered with siding
materials such as brick or vinyl.

Advantages
AAC has been produced for more than 70 years, and it offers several advantages over other cement
construction materials, one of the most important being its lower environmental impact.

● Improved thermal efficiency reduces the heating and cooling load in buildings.
● Porous structure gives superior fire resistance.
● Workability allows accurate cutting, which minimizes the generation of solid waste during use.
● Resource efficiency gives it lower environmental impact in all phases of its life cycle, from the
processing of raw materials to the disposal of waste.
● Lightweight saves cost and energy in transportation, labour expenses, and increases chances of
survival during seismic activity.[9]
● Larger size blocks leads to faster masonry work.
● Reduces project cost.
● Environmentally friendly: It produces at least 30% less solid waste than traditional concrete. There
is a decrease of 50% of greenhouse gas emissions.
● Fire resistant: As with regular concrete, AAC is fire resistant.
● Great ventilation: This material is very airy and allows diffusion of water. This reduces the
humidity inside the building. AAC will absorb moisture and release humidity. This helps to prevent
condensation and other problems that are related to mildew.
● Non-toxic: There are no toxic gases or other toxic substances in autoclaved aerated concrete. It
neither attracts rodents or other pests nor can it be damaged by such.
● Accuracy: The panels and blocks made of autoclaved aerated concrete are produced to the exact
sizes needed before leaving the factory. There is less need for on-site trimming. Since the blocks
and panels fit so well together, there is less use of finishing materials such as mortar.
● Long lasting: The life of this material is extended because it is not affected by harsh climates or
extreme weather changes. It will not degrade under normal climate changes.

Disadvantages
AAC has been produced for more than 70 years, however, some disadvantages were found when it was
introduced in the UK (where cavity wall with clay brick two-skin construction has been the norm).

● Installation during rainy weather: aircrete is known to crack after installation, which can be avoided
by reducing the strength of the mortar and ensuring the blocks are dry during and after installation.
● Brittle nature: they need to be handled more carefully than clay bricks to avoid breakage.

37
● Attachments: the brittle nature of the blocks requires longer, thinner screws when fitting cabinets
and wall hangings and wood-suitable drill bits or hammering in. Special, large diameter wall
plugs (aircrete anchor) are available at a higher cost than common wall plugs.[10]
● Insulation requirements in newer building codes of northern European countries would require
very thick walls when using AAC alone. Thus many builders choose to use traditional building
methods installing an extra layer of insulation around the entire building.

38
5.9 Stiffening
5.9.1 Stiffening Column In AAC Block Wall
Stiffeners are secondary plates or sections which are attached to beam webs or flanges to stiffen them
against out of plane deformations. Almost all main bridge beams will have stiffeners. However, most
will only have transverse web stiffeners, i.e. vertical stiffeners attached to the web.

Figure 5.22: Stiffing Column With AAC Block Wall

39
5.9.2 Stiffening Beam In With AAC Block Wall
Stiffeners are secondary plates or sections which are attached to beam webs or flanges to stiffen them
against out of plane deformations. Deep beams sometimes also have longitudinal web stiffeners.
This Beam Is provided After 1m or 5 Stack Of AAC Block .

Figure 5.23 : Stiffing Beam In AAC Wall

Mortar For AAC Block

Bag Weight 30 kg
Figure 5.24: Bag OF Mortar Of AAC Block

40
Cut Out

Figure 5.25 : Cut Out Reinforcement

Figure 5.26 : Cut Out

41
Staircase

Figure 5.27: Staircase Plan

42
 Figure 5.28 : Section Of Staircase At Section A-A & D-D

Figure 5.29 : Section Of Staircase At Section C-C & F-F

43
 Figure 5.30 : Reinforcement of Staircase (1)

Figure 5.31 : Reinforcement of Staircase (2)

Figure 5.32 : Concreting of Staircase (1)

44
Figure 5.32.1 : Concreting of Staircase (2)

Reinforcement In Staircase
8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm
Riser – 150mm
Thread - 250mm
Thickness – 300
Concrete Grade – M25

45
 CHAPTER 6
MACHINE & TOOLS

Machines & Tools used At Site

Machinery

6.1 Tower crane –

which is equipped with horizontal jib to lift materials within limited horizontal movement. These are
assembled at the site mainly from 04 types of tower crane commonly used supported static tower
crane, which is anchored or tied to building suitable interval for extra support.
Parts of tower crane cab,
triangular jib, counter weight, tower
mast, trolley with pulley sliding
section and slewing ring.
Front jib radius about 35m.

Figure 6.1 : Tower Crane

46
6.2 Ready-mix truck Concrete truck
which is transported, wet concrete mix from batching plant to the site. Capacity about 5 meter cube.
Components of the truck are agitator drum, water tank, hinged feed chute and discharge chute. truck
mixer carry a supply of water, which is normally used to wash out the drum after discharging the
concrete, before returning to the batching plant.

Figure 6.2 : Ready Mix Concrete Truck

6.3 Bar bending machine

Used to bend Rebar required shapes.

Different pulley will be fixed to different diameter bars. Can be operated to
90, 135 and 180 degrees.

O
Figure 6.3 : Bar Bending Machine
47
6.4 Bar cutter -
Large cutting wheel mounted electrical device which used to cut required length of rebars up to 32mm
dia. can be cut.

Figure 6.4 :Bar Cutter

6.5 Grinder
is an electric device which mounted cutting
wheel used to cut steel bars, wire packs and tie rods.

Figure 6.5 : Grinder

48
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
In the conclusion can stated that KDU Engineering faculty and NAITA have been
engaged in tremendous work to exposure engineering undergraduate to developed future industrial
knowledge and build the base of career.
I started training on 23 FEB 2023 up to 27 MAY 2023 by successfully
completing 16 weeks. This was my first industrial training and experience expose to civil engineering
field. I would like to state my first experience devoted to High-rise building construction. So I gained
a lot of experience and gathered knowledge about construction industry. Personally I’m happy working
with this project.
Real environment of construction is somewhat tough than I thought. Academic period
we visited some building constructions sites but real time working environment is gained from this
training period. Having theoretical knowledge helps me to solve some problems encounter during
training. During the training period I learnt new structural features and standard procedure of
construction works.
Site management, site controlling, labour handling, material handling, perform quality
task, work in critical environment, complete the task within planned time frame and deal with sub-
contractors which are important parts or responsibilities have to be developed working as Site Engineer.
During training I understood other upper level managerial such as construction manager, technical
coordinator, QA/QC manager and Project manager role and responsibilities. In the beginning I had no
idea about construction sequence and activities procedure but at the end of the training I have gained
work experience as site engineer. Good Engineer should be confident about himself by understanding
and checking thoroughly not based on sub-contractors and labour decisions or confirmations. In the
beginning I did some mistakes believing sub-contractor words. After that I have been practiced to check
doubly if I got doubt.
Company has no big history and MOL is the first project in Sri Lanka, due to that training development
was not processing as other Sri Lankan construction companies. Trainees’ rotations for each section
did not work systematically and smoothly, sometimes trainees worked the whole training period in one
section. Method statements are not provided to trainee, some Indian engineers only based on work
done, they did not teach new things. During the training I have identified some developments in the
organization, which depends on particular sub-contractors, some works completion will delayed due
contractors issues, sub-contractors groups worked only day time due to that tower crane got busy.
Material management is not sufficient mainly carpenters cut and damaged plywood, runners, Planning
coordinate wasn’t adequate which was lead to extend construction cycle. Formwork solution used both
Conventional and PERI difficult manage time.

49
 CHAPTER 8
REFERENCE
➢ https://www.murphytx.org/DocumentCenter/View/2935/Commercial-Construction-
Reference-Guide
➢ https://www.slideshare.net/RisingSher/reports-on-building-construction
➢ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343312205_A_Report_on_Civil_Engineering_Stud
ent's_Internship_Programme_CESIP_of_Building_Construction
➢ www.google.com
➢ https://www.wikipedia.org
➢ Civil Engineering Book – Publish By Subha Shree Publicatin (Samakusi, Katmandu)
➢ A Text Book Of Building Construction – Laxmi Publication (P) Ltd.
➢ Building Construction Illustration Book. By Scooty Manant

50