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Ehv 01 - 5

This document provides an overview of electric and hybrid vehicles, including: 1) It discusses the history and importance of hybrid and electric vehicles for social and environmental reasons, and how modern powertrains impact energy supplies. 2) It covers fundamentals of vehicle propulsion and braking, including dynamic equations, powertrain tractive effort, and vehicle power plant and transmission characteristics that determine vehicle performance. 3) It describes how tire-ground adhesion and maximum tractive effort limit vehicle performance, especially in wet or icy conditions, and defines slip ratios for traction and braking.

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SARAVANAKRISHNAN V
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63 views35 pages

Ehv 01 - 5

This document provides an overview of electric and hybrid vehicles, including: 1) It discusses the history and importance of hybrid and electric vehicles for social and environmental reasons, and how modern powertrains impact energy supplies. 2) It covers fundamentals of vehicle propulsion and braking, including dynamic equations, powertrain tractive effort, and vehicle power plant and transmission characteristics that determine vehicle performance. 3) It describes how tire-ground adhesion and maximum tractive effort limit vehicle performance, especially in wet or icy conditions, and defines slip ratios for traction and braking.

Uploaded by

SARAVANAKRISHNAN V
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRIC AND HYBRID

VEHICLE - U19EET72
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO EV
History of hybrid and electric vehicles - social and environmental
importance - impact of modern drive - trains on energy supplies -
Fundamentals of vehicle propulsion and Braking: Dynamic Equation -
Power train tractive effort - Vehicle Power Plant and Transmission
Characteristics - Vehicle Performance.
Tire–Ground Adhesion and Maximum
Tractive Effort
• When the tractive effort of a vehicle exceeds the limitation of the
maximum tractive effort due to the adhesive capability between
the tire and the ground, the drive wheels will spin on the ground.

• The adhesive capability between the tire and the ground


sometimes is the main limitation of vehicle performance

• This is especially true when the vehicle drives in wet, icy, snow-
covered, or soft soil roads.
• In this case, a tractive torque on the drive wheel would cause the
wheel to slip significantly on the ground.
• The maximum tractive effort on the drive wheel depends on the
longitudinal force that the adhesive capability between the tire and
the ground can supply, rather than the maximum torque that an
engine can supply.
• The slip, s, of a tire is defined in traction as
where
V is the translational speed of the tire center,
ω is the angular speed of the tire, and
r is the rolling radius of the free rolling tire.

In traction, the speed, V, is less than rω; therefore, the slip of a tire has a positive
value between 0 and 1.0.
• During braking, however, the slip of a tire can be defined as

which has a positive value between 0 and 1.0, similar to traction.

The maximum traction effort of a tire corresponding to a certain


tire slippage is usually expressed as
where
P is the vertical load of the tire,
μ is the tractive effort coefficient, which is a
function of tire slippage.
In the small-slip range
(section OA in Figure 2.8),
the tractive effort is almost
linearly proportional to the
slip value.
This small slip is caused by the elasticity of the tire rather than the
relative slipping between the tire and the ground at the contact
patch
When a tractive torque is applied to the tire, a tractive force is
developed at the tire–ground contact patch. At the same time, the
tire tread in front and within the contact patch is subject to
compression.

A corresponding shear deformation of the side wall of the tire is also


developed.

As tread elements are compressed before entering the contact


region, the distance that the tire travels will be less than the distance
in a free rolling tire. Because of the nearly linear elastic property of
the tire, the tractive effort–slip curve is almost linear.

Further increase of wheel torque and tractive force results in having


part of the tire tread slide on the ground.
• Under these circumstances, the relationship between
tractive force and slip is nonlinear.

• The peak tractive effort is reached at a slip of 15%–


20%. Further increase of the slip beyond that results in
an unstable condition.

• The tractive effort coefficient falls rapidly from the


peak value to the purely sliding value, as shown in
Figure 2.8.

• For normal driving, the slip of the tire must be limited


in a range of less than 15%–20%. Table 2.2 shows the
average values of tractive effort coefficients on various
roads
Power Sources in Vehicle

Power sources delivers torque to the driven wheels. Thus the vehicle
performance is completely determined by the torque-speed
characteristics of the traction motor.
Power Source in Vehicle

To predict the overall performance we need to study

Overall Performance

Power plant characteristics

Transmission Characteristics
A clutch in a manual transmission or a torque converter in an automatic. (couple or
decouple the gear box)

The torque and rotating speed from the output shaft of the power plant are
transmitted to the drive wheels through the clutch or torque converter, gearbox, final
drive, differential, and drive shaft.
The gearbox supplies a few gear ratios from its input shaft to its output shaft for the power
plant torque–speed profile to match the requirements of the load.

The final drive is usually a pair of gears that supply a further speed reduction and distribute
the torque to each wheel through the differential.

The torque on the drive wheels, transmitted from the power plant, is expressed as

where
ig is the gear ratio of the transmission
ig = Nin/Nout (Nin—input rotating speed, Nout—output rotating speed),
i0 is the gear ratio of the final drive,
ηt is the efficiency of the driveline from the power plant to the drive wheels
Tp is the torque output from the power plant.
The tractive effort on the drive wheels

Substitute Tw in above equation

The friction in the gear teeth and bearings creates losses in the mechanical gear
transmission
Under loaded condition. The commonly used motors in EVs are

• AC Motors

• Permanent Magnet (PM) Motors

• Series wound DC motors

• Shunt wound DC motors


THANK YOU

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