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T Distribution

The document provides information about the t-distribution and examples of how to use the t-distribution for hypothesis testing. Some key points: - The t-distribution is similar to the normal distribution but has a wider variance. It is used for hypothesis testing when the sample size is small. - To find critical values from the t-distribution table, you must first determine the degrees of freedom based on the sample size. - Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate test statistics, find critical values, and determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on the t-distribution.

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110 views47 pages

T Distribution

The document provides information about the t-distribution and examples of how to use the t-distribution for hypothesis testing. Some key points: - The t-distribution is similar to the normal distribution but has a wider variance. It is used for hypothesis testing when the sample size is small. - To find critical values from the t-distribution table, you must first determine the degrees of freedom based on the sample size. - Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate test statistics, find critical values, and determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis based on the t-distribution.

Uploaded by

Jhea marshey Lasco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 47

MS. JESSEBEL C.

BORROMEO
S C G E W H K A S D V P B Q O P C
S A M P L E S I Z E F E G H J S G
E D M A S C E R O O T R K Y B Y A
O T Y P U I I J K O L C C V B J E
P O P U L A T I O N M E A N K A N
K J H F S E S Z X C V N B N M A T
E S D F G H M J K L Q T W E R T H
E M N B C X Z E Z A P I O I U Y J
Z X C V B N M Q A W E L R T Y P K
A S D F G H A I V N W E N D S L L
S T A N D A R D D E V I A T I O N
T-DISTRIBUTIO N
The t-distribution is
just like the normal
curve, is bell-shaped and
unimodal. It is symmetric
about zero. However, its
 
variance is greater than 1.
This makes it wider and
flatter in the middle.
As the sample size
n becomes larger,
the t-distribution
gets closer to the
standard normal
distribution.
Statistical analysis on some studies which
cannot be done using the normal distribution
can be done using the t-distribution. The t-
distribution is used with small samples taken
from a population that is approximately
normal.
The z-statistic is used when n≥30
while the t-statistic is used when n<30.
The t-distribution formula is:
where:
𝑥
¯ − 𝜇 x = sample mean
𝑡=
 

𝑠 μ = population mean
s = standard deviation
√ 𝑛 of the sample mean
n = sample size
To find a value in the Table of
t-Critical Values, there is a need to
adjust the sample size n by
converting it to degrees of freedom
df.
The number of degrees of freedom is
equal to the number of the remaining
values in a data set that are free to vary
after one or more values have been
deducted. In the use of the t-
distribution, one value is deducted.
Hence the formula is:

where:
= degrees of freedom
= sample size
Example 1: A student researcher taking up
Statistics is analyzing the scores in Mathematics of
the 25 students in section Newton is better than the
mean score of all the students taking up Grade 8
Math in the entire school is 89. The sample mean
and the standard deviation of the scores of the

students in Section Newton are 95 and 15,


respectively.
Given value: Assume
n = 25, a 95% 89 level.
= 95,confidence
s 15, confidence level = 95%
Given value: n = 25, = 95, 𝜇 = 89, s = 15,
confidence level = 95%
Solution:
Step 1: Find the degrees of freedom.

𝒅𝒇 =𝒏 −𝟏
¿ 𝟐𝟓 − 𝟏
24
Step 2: Find the critical value. Use the Table
of t Critical values.
Confidence level = 95%
( 𝟏 − 𝜶 ) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 % =𝟗𝟓 %
= 0.95
= 0.05
𝟎 . 𝟎𝟓
= 𝟐 = 0.025
In your t-table, look at 24 under
the column headed df. Move to
the right along the row until
reaching the column headed 0.05,
area in two tails or 0.025 for area
in one tail.
Hence, the critical value is 2.046
Given value: n = 25, = 95, 𝜇 = 89, s = 15
Step 3: Compute 𝒙
¯ −𝝁
𝒕=
the test statistic t: 𝒔
√𝒏
𝟗𝟓 − 𝟖𝟗
¿
𝟏𝟓
√ 𝟐𝟓
2
Tabular value: 2 Critical Value: 2.064

The computed value of t is


equal to 2 which is smaller than
the tabular value of 2.064.
Example 1: A student researcher taking up
Statistics is analyzing the scores in Mathematics of
the 25 students in section Newton is better than the
mean score of all the students taking up Grade 8
Math in the entire school is 89. The sample mean
and the standard deviation of the scores of the

students in Section Newton are 95 and 15,


respectively. Assume a 95% confidence level.
The value of the test statistic or
computed t value does not fall the
critical region. Therefore, the mean
score of Grade 8 section Newton in
Mathematics is the same with mean
score of all the students taking up
Grade 8 Mathematics.
Example 2: A student suspects that the data she
collected for the research study does not represent
the target population. Here are the data she
collected.
16 27 34
20 29 30
22 30 37
25 30 42
26 32 35
16 27 34 The population mean is
20 29 30 27. Assuming normality
22 30 37 in the target population, is
25 30 42 the student’s suspicion
26 32 35 correct? Use a 90%
confidence level.

Given value: n = 15, 27


confidence level = 90%
Observations x x - x̄ (x - x̄)2
Solution:
1 16
Step 1: 2 20
3 22
Find the 4 25
sample 5
6
26
27
mean and 7 29
8 30
standard 9 30
10 32
deviation. 11 34
12 30
13 37
14 42
15 35
𝟒𝟑𝟓
¿
𝟏𝟓
29
Observations x x - x̄ (x - x̄)2
Solution:
1 16 16 – 29 = -13 169
Step 1: 2 20 20 – 29 = -9 81
3 22 22 – 29 = -7 49
Find the 4 25 25 – 29 = -4 16
sample 5
6
26
27
26 – 29 = -3
27 – 29 = -2
9
4
mean and 7 29 29 – 29 = 0 0
8 30 30 – 29 = 1 1
standard 9 30 30 – 29 = 1 1
10 32 32 – 29 = 3 9
deviation. 11 34 34 – 29 = 5 25
12 30 30 – 29 = 1 1
13 37 37 – 29 = 8 64
14 42 42 – 29 =13 169
15 35 35 – 29 = 6 36
s =
2

= 45.29
¿
√ 𝟔𝟑𝟒
𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏
= 6.73
Step 2: Find the degree of freedom.

𝒅𝒇 =𝒏 −𝟏
¿ 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏
= 14
Step 3: Find the critical value.
Confidence level = 95%

( 𝟏 − 𝜶 ) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 % =𝟗𝟎 %
= 0.90
= 0.10
== 0.05
Use of t-Critical Values Table. In the
column headed df, look at 14. Move
to the right until the column headed
0.10 for two tails and 0.05 for one tail
is reached.
The intersection is 1.761.
Hence, the critical value is 1.761
Given value: n = 25, = 29, 𝜇 = 27, s = 45.29
Step 3: Compute 𝒙
¯ −𝝁
𝒕=
the test statistic t: 𝒔
√𝒏
𝟐𝟗 − 𝟐𝟕
¿
𝟔 . 𝟕𝟑
√ 𝟏𝟓
1.151
Critical Value: 1.761
Tabular value: 1.151

The value of the test statistic


or computed t-value of 1.151
is less than the tabular value
of 1.761.
Example 2: A student suspects that the data she
collected for the research study does not represent
the target population. Here are the data she
collected.
16 27 34
20 29 30
22 30 37
25 30 42
26 32 35
Therefore, the student is wrong in
suspecting that the data are not
representative of the target
population.
Identifying Percentiles
using the
t-Distribution Table
Percentiles can be identified using the t-Critical
Values Table
Example 3: The graph of a distribution with df = 15 is
shown below.
  a. If the shaded area on the
right is 0.05, what is the
area to the left of t1?
b. What does t1 represent?
c. Find the value of t1.
Given: df = 15
a.If the shaded area on the right is 0.05, what
is the area to the left of t1?

( 𝟏 −𝟎 .𝟎𝟓 ) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %=𝒑


( 𝟎 .𝟗𝟓 ) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %=𝒑
𝒑 =𝟎 . 𝟗𝟓
area to the left of t1.
b. What does t1 represent?
Hence t1 represents the 95 percentile t0.95.
th

c. Find the value of t1.


To find the value of t1, look at 15 under the
column headed df. Proceed to the right until the
column headed 0.05 for one tail is reached.

Hence, the critical value is 1.753


Click to edit Master title style

QUIZ TIME!

41
Researchers collected a simple random sample of the
times that 30 college students were required to earn
their Bachelor’s degrees. The sample has a mean of 4.8
years and a standard deviation of 2.2 years. Use 95%
confidence level to test the claim the meantime for all
college students is 4.5 years.
• Find the degrees of freedom
• Find the critical value
• Compute the test statistics t
Solution:

Find the degrees of freedom

=
= 29
Find the critical value

The critical value is 2.045.


 
Compute the test statistics t

= 0.746 or 0.75
 
Answer the following:

1. What have you learned from the


discussion?
2. What part of the discussion did you
find difficult to deal with?
3. Why do you think is important to
know the t-distribution?
Click to edit Master title style

ST. SYLVESTER
4747

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