Individual, Interpersonal, and Group Process Approaches

Process Interventions
 A set of activities on the part of the consultant that helps individuals and group members understand, diagnose, and improve their behaviors.  Interventions are aimed at helping individuals develop skills, and members of groups assess their interactions and devise more effective ways of working.

Individual, Interpersonal and Group Process Approaches

 Coaching  Training and Development  Process Consultation  Third-Party Interventions  Team Building

Coaching
 Goals
 Assist in execution of a transition  Address a performance problem  Develop new behavioral skills with leadership development

 Application Stages
     Establish the principles of the relationship Conduct an assessment Coach and client debrief the results Develop and Implement an action plan Assess the results

Training and Development

 Goals
 Changing the skills and knowledge of organization members to improve effectiveness and build capabilities

 Application Stages
    Perform needs assessment Develop objectives and design training Deliver training Evaluate training

Process Consultation
 Definitions
 The creation of a relationship that permits the client to perceive, understand, and act on the process events  An approach that helps people and groups help themselves

 Group Process Issues Addressed by Process Consultation

     Communications The functional roles of group members Group problem solving and decision making Group norms Leadership and authority

Basic Process Interventions

 Individual Interventions
 Aimed at helping people better communicate with others  Johari Window

 Group Interventions
 Aimed at the process, content or structure of the group

Johari Window
Unknown to Others Hidden Spot Known to Others Open Window Known to Self

Unknown Window

Blind Spot

Unknown to Self

Improving Communications Using the Johari Window

Unknown to Others Reduce Hidden Area through Disclosure to Others Known to Others

Open Window

Known to Self

Reduce Blind Spot through Feedback from Others

Unknown to Self

Third Party Interventions

 Activities that focus on interpersonal conflicts within the organization  Interventions help involved parties interact with each other directly, facilitating diagnosis of the conflict and its resolution

A Cyclical Model of Conflict

Triggering Event

Behavior

Triggering Event

Behavior

Issues

Issues Consequences

Consequences Episode 2

Episode 1

Strategies for Conflict Resolution

 Prevent the conflict through mandate or separation of the parties  Set limits on the timing and extent of the conflict  Help the parties to cope differently with the conflict  Attempt to eliminate or resolve the basic issues in the conflict

Team Building Activities

 Activities Related to One or More Individuals  Activities Oriented to the Group s Operations and Behaviors  Activities Affecting the Group s Relationship with the Rest of the Organization

Types of Teams
 Groups reporting to the same manager  Groups involving people with common goals  Temporary groups formed to accomplish a specific, onetime task  Groups consisting of people whose work roles are interdependent  Groups with no formal links but whose collective purpose requires coordination

Team-Building Activities
 Determine the Intervention Target
 One or more individuals  A group s operation and behavior  A group s relationships with the rest of the organization

 Determine the Intervention Orientation

 Diagnostic  Developmental

Team Building Activities

 Group Operation and Behavior
 An inward look by the team at its own performance, behavior and culture for the purpose of improving effectiveness

 Group Relationships with the Organization

 Understand the group s role within the organization including interaction, support, and collaboration

 Manager s Role