Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

CoSc4142
Book: Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach (Russell & Norvig)

Enyew T.
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 Chapter One
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

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What is Artificial Intelligence?
• AI is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence.
– Artificial defines "man-made," and

– Intelligence defines "thinking power", or “the ability to learn and solve

problems”
– Hence, Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power."

• So, we can define Artificial Intelligence (AI) as creating of intelligent machines

which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.
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…cont’d
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging branch of computer
science concerned with building smart machines capable of
performing tasks that typically require human intelligence.
• Examples of these tasks are:-
– Speech recognition, language translation
– Performing surgical operation
– Driving a car in traffic
– Playing chess
– Proving a mathematical theorem
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What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Understand intelligent entities
– Learn more about ourselves/animals

• Build intelligent entities

– Create things that exhibit ‘intelligence’

• Study constructed intelligent entities

– These constructed entities are interesting and useful in their own
right!
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 Approaches to AI
• Views of AI fall into four categories:

Systems that think Systems that think

THOUGHT like humans rationally (logic/laws
(cognitive science) of thought)
Systems that act Systems that act
BEHAVIOUR like humans rationally
(c.f. Turing test) (agents)

HUMAN RATIONAL
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 Thinking Humanly (cognitive science) Thinking Rationally (logic/laws of thought)
• “The exciting new effort to make computers • “The study of mental faculties through the use of
think ... machines with minds, in the full and computational models.” (Charniak and
literal sense.” (Haugeland, 1985) McDermott, 1985)
• “[The automation of] activities that we • “The study of the computations that make it
associate with human thinking, activities such possible to perceive, reason, and act.” (Winston,
as decision-making, problem solving, 1992)
learning ...” (Bellman, 1978)

Acting Humanly (Turing test) Acting Rationally (agents)

• “The art of creating machines that perform • “Computational Intelligence is the study of the
functions that require intelligence when design of intelligent agents.” (Poole et al., 1998)
performed by people.” (Kurzweil, 1990) • “AI . . . is concerned with intelligent behavior in
• “The study of how to make computers do artifacts.” (Nilsson, 1998)
things at which, at the moment, people are
better.” (Rich and Knight, 1991)

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Acting humanly: Turing Test
• Turing (1950) published "Computing machinery and intelligence":
• "Can machines think?"  "Can machines behave intelligently?"
• He proposed Operational test for intelligent behavior named the Imitation Game
Approaches of Turing Tests:-
• Interrogator asks the questions of both computer & human via teletype,
and receive answers from each of them.
• All three entities sit in an isolated location.
• Computer passes the Turing test if the interrogator cannot distinguish
computer responses from human responses.
Cont.…
… cont’d
• To pass classical Turing Test computer needs to have the following capabilities
– Natural language processing 
– Knowledge representation
– Automated reasoning
– Machine learning.

• To pass Total Turing Test : where the interrogator can also test perceptual abilities
(via video signal) and the ability to manipulate objects (through hatch).
– Computer vision 
– Robotics
Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling

• When we say a given program thinks like a human, we must have some way of
determining “how humans think?”. We need to get inside the actual workings of human
minds.
• There are three ways to do this: through introspection--trying to catch our own
thoughts as they go by--through psychological experiments and through brain image:
observing brain in action.
• Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain
• This is the focus of Cognitive Science: brings together computer models from AI and
experimental techniques from psychology to try to construct precise and testable
theories of the workings of the human mind.
 Thinking rationally: "laws of thought"
• A system is rational if it thinks/does the right thing through correct
reasoning.
• Aristotle:
– provided the correct arguments/ thought structures that always
gave correct conclusions given correct premises.
• Example: Aristotle is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Aristotle is
mortal
– These Laws of thought governed the operation of the mind and
initiated the field of Logic.

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 …cont’d
• Problems:
1. It is not easy to take informal knowledge and state it in the formal terms
required by logical notation (when knowledge is <100% certain).
2. There is a big difference between solving a problem in principle and
solving it in practice.
3. Not all intelligent behavior is controlled by logic.
4. What is the purpose of thinking? What thoughts should I have?

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 Acting rationally: rational agent
• Rational behavior: doing the right thing so as to achieve one’s goal, given
one’s beliefs.
• AI is the study and construction of rational agents (an agent that perceives and
acts)
• Rational action requires the ability to represent knowledge and reason with it so
as to reach good decision.
– Learning for better understanding of how the world works
• limitation: computational limitations make perfect rationality unachievable
• Design best program for given machine resources
• Doesn't necessarily involve thinking
• e.g. blinking reflex – but thinking should be in the service of rational action
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Suggested major components of AI
1. Natural Language processing
– (enable computers to communicate in human language, English, Amharic, ..)
2. Knowledge representation
– (schemes to store information, both facts and inferences, before and during interrogation)
3. Automated reasoning
– (use stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions)
4. Machine learning
– (To adapt to new circumstances and to detect ,extrapolate patterns and accumulate knowledge)
5. Computer vision
– (recognize objects based on patterns in the same way as the human visual system does)
6. Robotics
– (produce mechanical device capable of controlled motion; which enable computers to see, hear &
take actions)
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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high accuracy as it
takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
• High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that AI systems can
beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
• High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple times with high
accuracy.
• Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean
floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
• Digital Assistant:  users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the
products as per customer requirement.
• Useful as a public utility:  such as a self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in human-
language, etc.
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Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Cost: the hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of
maintenance to meet current world requirements.
• Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with Ai, but still they can't
work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which thy are trained, or
programmed.
• Increase dependence on the machines: with the increment of technology, peopel are getting
more
• Dependent on the devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
• No original creativity: as humans are so creative and can imagine some ideas but still AI
machines can't beat this power of human intelligence and can’t be creative and imaginative.
• No feeling and Emotion: AI systems doesn’t have feeling so it can’t make any type of
emotional attachment with humans.
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Goals of AI

• To replicate human intelligence( implement human intelligence in machine)− through

creating machines/systems that can understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
• To solve knowledge intensive task
• To build a machine which can perform a task that require human intelligence ex.,
playing chess games, Driving a car in traffic, proving a theorem, surgical operation
• To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behaviour, learn,
demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
• To make computers more useful by letting them take over dangerous or tedious tasks
from human
The Foundations of AI
• Philosophy
– Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system foundations of learning, language, rationality
• Mathematics
– Formal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability
• Economics
– utility, decision theory
• Neuroscience
– physical substrate for mental activity
• Psychology
– phenomena of perception and motor control, experimental techniques
• Computer engineering
– building fast computers
• Control theory
– maximize an objective function over time/ using feedback to influence the behavior of a system in order to
achieve the goal.
• Linguistics 18
History of AI

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A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952) B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-
 Warren McCulloch & Walter Pitts (1943) : 1956)
proposed a model of artificial neurons.  Allen Newell and Herbert A.
 Donald Hebb (1949) : demonstrated an Simon(1955) : created first AI program,
updating rule for modifying the connection named Logic Theorist. This program
strength between neurons. His rule is called
proved 38 of 52 mathematics theorems.
Hebbian learning.
 John McCarthy(1956) : The word
 Alan Turing (1950) : He pioneered Machine
"Artificial Intelligence" first time
learning & published “computing machinery
adopted and called as academic field.
& intelligence” in which he proposed test
(i.e. can machines think?). Also, high-level computer languages
such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL
were invented at that time.
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C. Golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974) E. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
 Joseph Weizenbaum(1966): created the first  After AI winter duration AI came back with
chatbot which is called ELIZA. "Expert System".

 In the year 1972 : The first intelligent humanoid F. The Second AI winter (1987-1993)
robot was built in Japan which was named WABOT-  Again, investors and government stopped in
1. funding for AI research due to high cost but
D. The first AI winter (1974-1980) not efficient results.

 Because, computer scientists dealt with a severe G. The Emergence of Intelligent Agents (1993-2011)

shortage of funding from the government for AI  In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world

researches. chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the

 08/10/2023
Publicity interest on AI was decreased. FSCE first computer to beat a world chess champion.
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ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY
  In the year 2002, AI entered the home in the form  In the year (2012) : Google has launched an
of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner. Android app feature "Google now“. It is one
 In the year 2006 : AI came into the Business world. of voice activated google predictive search
Companies like app.
Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI. .  In the year (2014): Chatbot "Eugene
H. Deep Learning, Big data and Artificial General Goostman" won a competition in the
Intelligence (2011-present) infamous "Turing test."
 In the year 2006: IBM's Watson won Jeopardy, a  In the year (2018): The "Project Debater"
quiz show. Watson had proved that it could from IBM debated on complex topics with
understand natural language and can solve tricky two master debaters and also performed
questions quickly. FSCE AMITextremely well.
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 Real Life A.I. Examples

 Self Driving Cars

 Boston Dynamics
 Navigation Systems
 ASIMO
 Chatbots
 Email: Spam filtering
 Human vs Computer Games\
 Netflix: movie recommendation
 Many More!

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 Applications of AI

SMART NAVIGATION ROBOTICS

INTELLIGENT PERSONAL ASSISTANT

SOCIAL MEDIA
E-COMMERCE
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 END

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