FUNDAMENTALS IN AI AND ML

Dr. PRABU KANNA G

 INTRODUCTION

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)

are the most popular technologies in the 21st century.

• Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the design of

intelligence in an artificial device. The term was
coined by John McCarthy in 1956.

• Intelligence is the ability to acquire, understand and

apply the knowledge to achieve goals in the world.
 INTRODUCTION

• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science

that deals with developing intelligent machines that
can behave like humans, such as speech recognition,
learning and planning, text recognition, etc.

• Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence

that enables the machines to use past data or
experience and make a prediction and learn more
accurately.
 What is Artificial Intelligence?
• Artificial intelligence is a field of computer science which makes a
computer system that can mimic human intelligence. It is comprised
of two words "Artificial" and "intelligence", which means "a human-
made thinking power."

• Hence we can define it as, Artificial intelligence is a technology using

which we can create intelligent systems that can simulate human
intelligence
 What is Artificial Intelligence?
• It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent
machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and
able to make decisions.

• Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based

skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving problems.

• With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine

to do some work, despite that you can create a machine with
programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence, and
that is the awesomeness of AI.
 Why Artificial Intelligence?
With the help of AI

• create such software or devices which can solve real-world problems

very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic
issues, etc.

• create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google

Assistant, Siri, etc
 Goals of Artificial Intelligence
1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks

3. An intelligent connection of perception and action

4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human

intelligence such as:
• Proving a theorem
• Playing chess
• Plan some surgical operation
• Driving a car in traffic
 Examples of Artificial Intelligence
(AI) in our Daily Lives
1. Travel & Navigation
2. Smartphone Apps
3. Social Media Feeds
4. Advertisements
5. Smart Cars
6. Music and Video Streaming
7. Security & surveillance
 What Contributes to AI?

A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer functions

associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and
problem solving.
 Programming Without and With AI
Programming Without AI Programming With AI
A computer program without AI can A computer program with AI can
answer the specific questions it is answer the generic questions it is
meant to solve. meant to solve.

AI programs can absorb new

modifications by putting highly
independent pieces of information
together. Hence you can modify even a
Modification in the program leads to minute piece of information of
change in its structure. program without affecting its structure.

Modification is not quick and easy. It

may lead to affecting the program
adversely. Quick and Easy program modification.
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Accuracy with less errors:
• High-Speed
• High reliability
• Useful for risky areas
• Digital Assistant
• Useful as a public utility
 Disadvantages of Artificial
Intelligence
• High Cost:
• Can't think out of the box
• No feelings and emotions
• Increase dependency on machines:
• No Original Creativity
 Building AI Systems:
1) Perception

• Intelligent biological systems are physically embodied in the

world and experience the world through their sensors
(senses).

• For an autonomous vehicle, input might be images from a

camera and range information from a rangefinder.

• For a medical diagnosis system, perception is the set of

symptoms and test results that have been obtained and
input to the system manually.
 Building AI Systems:
2) Reasoning

• Inference, decision-making, classification from what is

sensed and what the internal "model" is of the world.

• Might be a neural network, logical deduction system, Hidden

Markov Model induction, heuristic searching a problem
space, Bayes Network inference, genetic algorithms, etc.

• Includes areas of knowledge representation, problem

solving, decision theory, planning, game theory, machine
learning, uncertainty reasoning, etc.
 Building AI Systems:
3) Action

• Biological systems interact within their environment by

actuation, speech, etc.

• All behavior is centered around actions in the world.

Examples include controlling the steering of a Mars
rover or autonomous vehicle, or suggesting tests and
making diagnoses for a medical diagnosis system.

• Includes areas of robot actuation, natural language

generation, and speech synthesis.
The definitions of AI
The definitions of AI
 AI Systems:
Intelligent Systems:

In order to design intelligent systems, it is important to

categorize them into four categories (Luger and
Stubberfield 1993), (Russell and Norvig, 2003)

1. Systems that think like humans

2. Systems that think rationally
3. Systems that behave like humans
4. Systems that behave rationally
 AI Systems:
Intelligent Systems:
1. Systems that think like humans
2. Systems that think rationally
3. Systems that behave like humans
4. Systems that behave rationally
 AI Systems:
Cognitive Science: Think Human-Like a.

 Requires a model for human cognition. Precise enough

models allow simulation by computers.

 Focus is not just on behavior and I/O, but looks like

reasoning process.

 Goal is not just to produce human-like behavior but to

produce a sequence of steps of the reasoning process,
similar to the steps followed by a human in solving the
same task.
 AI Systems:
Laws of thought: Think Rationally
 The study of mental faculties through the use of
computational models; that it is, the study of
computations that make it possible to perceive reason
and act.
 Focus is on inference mechanisms that are probably
correct and guarantee an optimal solution.
 Goal is to formalize the reasoning process as a system
of logical rules and procedures of inference.
 Develop systems of representation to allow inferences
to be like “Socrates is a man. All men are mortal.
Therefore Socrates is mortal”
 AI Systems:
Turing Test: Act Human-Like

 The art of creating machines that perform functions

requiring intelligence when performed by people; that it is
the study of, how to make computers do things which, at
the moment, people do better.
 Focus is on action, and not intelligent behavior centered
around the representation of the world
 Example: Turing Test
 3 rooms contain: a person, a computer and an interrogator.
 The interrogator can communicate with the other 2 by teletype
(to avoid the machine imitate the appearance of voice of the
person)
 AI Systems:
 Example: Turing Test
 3 rooms contain: a person, a computer and an interrogator.
 The interrogator can communicate with the other 2 by
teletype (to avoid the machine imitate the appearance of
voice of the person).
 The interrogator tries to determine which the person is and
which the machine is.
 The machine tries to fool the interrogator to believe that it
is the human, and the person also tries to convince the
interrogator that it is the human.
 If the machine succeeds in fooling the interrogator, then
conclude that the machine is intelligent.
 AI Systems:
Rational agent: Act Rationally

 Tries to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in

terms of computational process; that it is concerned
with the automation of the intelligence.
 Focus is on systems that act sufficiently if not
optimally in all situations.
 Goal is to develop systems that are rational and
sufficient
 Sub Areas of AI

1. Game Playing
2. Speech Recognition
3. Computer Vision
4. Expert Systems
5. Mathematical Theorem Proving
6. Natural Language Understanding
7. Scheduling and Planning
8. Artificial Neural Networks
9. Machine Learning
 Application of AI

• AI algorithms have attracted close attention of researchers and

have also been applied successfully to solve problems in
engineering.

• Nevertheless, for large and complex problems, AI algorithms

consume considerable computation time due to stochastic
feature of the search approaches
 Application of AI

• Business; financial strategies

• Engineering: check design, offer suggestions to create new
product, expert systems for all engineering problems
• Manufacturing: assembly, inspection and maintenance
• Medicine: monitoring, diagnosing
• Education: in teaching
• Fraud detection
• Object identification
• Information retrieval
• Space shuttle scheduling