BJT Transistor Modeling

Topic objectives
 At the end of the course you will be able to
 Understand about the small signal analysis of circuit
network using re model and hybrid equivalent model
 Understand the relationship between those two
available model for small signal analysis
 INTRODUCTION:TRANSISTOR
3
MODELING

• To begin analyze of small-signal AC response of BJT

amplifier the knowledge of modeling the transistor is
important.
• The input signal will determine whether it’s a small
signal (AC) or large signal (DC) analysis.
• The goal when modeling small-signal behavior is to
make of a transistor that work for small-signal enough to
“keep things linear” (i.e.: not distort too much) [3]
• There are two models commonly used in the small signal
analysis:
a) re model
b) hybrid equivalent model
 4

How does
 Conservation;
the
output amplification
power of a be done?
system cannot be large than its
input and the efficiency cannot
be greater than 1
 The input dc plays the important
role for the amplification to
contribute its level to the ac
domain where the conversion
will become as η=Po(ac)/Pi(dc)
 Simply speaking…
 5

Disadvantages
R model
e
 Fails to account the output impedance level of
device and feedback effect from output to input
 Hybrid equivalent model
 Limited to specified operating condition in order to
obtain accurate result
 VCC

6
DC supply  • O/p coupling
“0” potential R1 RC capacitor  s/c
• Large values
•I/p coupling
C1
C2 +
• Block DC and
capacitor  s/c RS
pass AC signal
+ Vo
• Large values Vi R2 RE C3
• Block DC and VS -
-
pass AC signal • Bypass
capacitor  s/c
Voltage-divider configuration
•Large values
under AC analysis

R1 RC

Redraw the voltage-divider

+ configuration after removing dc
RS + Vo supply and insert s/c for the
Vi
-
R2
capacitors
VS
-
 7 Modeling of
BJT begin
HERE!

Ii Transistor small- Io
B signal ac C
R1 RC + equivalent cct
Zi +
E
RS Rc
+ Vi R1 R2
Zo Vo
RS + Vo
Vi R2
VS
- - -
VS
-

Redrawn for small-signal AC analysis

 8

AC bias analysis :

1) Kill all DC sources

2) Coupling and Bypass capacitors are short cct.

The effect of there capacitors is to set a lower cut-off
frequency for the cct.

3) Inspect the cct (replace BJTs with its small signal

model:re or hybrid).

4) Solve for voltage and current transfer function,

i/o and o/p impedances.
 9

IMPORTANT PARAMETERS

• Input impedance, Zi
• Output impedance, Zo
• Voltage gain, Av
• Current gain, Ai

Input Impedance, Zi(few ohms  M)

The input impedance of an amplifier is the value as a

load when connecting a single source to the I/p of
terminal of the amplifier.
 10

Two port system

-determining
R sense
input impedance Zi
V i
+
I
+ Zi 
VS i
Z V Two-port
i i
Ii
- system
- Vs  Vi
Ii 
Rsense
Determining Zi

 Theinput impedance of transistor can be approximately

determined using dc biasing because it doesn’t simply
change when the magnitude of applied ac signal is change.
 Demonstrating the11 impact of Zi
Rsource

+ 600 Ω +
Zi
VS=10mV 1.2 k Ω
Vi Two-port
- system
-

Ideal source, Rsource  0Ω

Full 10mV applied to the system

With source impedance, Rsource  600Ω

ZiVs 1.2k (10m)
Vi    6.6mV
Zi  Rsource 1.2k  600
Example 6.1: For the system of
12
Fig. Below, determine
the level of input impedance
1k Ω

+ Rsense +
Zi
VS=2mV Two-port
Vi=1.2mV
- system
-

Solution:
Vs  Vi 2m  1.2m 0.8m
Ii     0.8A
Rsense 1k 1k
Vi 1.2m
Zi    1.5k
Ii 0.8
 Output Impedance, Zo (few ohms
13  2M)

The output impedance of an amplifier is determined at

the output terminals looking back into the system with
the applied signal set to zero.
Rsense
Rsource
V  Vo
+
Io +
Io 
Vo V
Rsense
Vs=0V Two-port Zo
system -
-
Vo
Zo 
Determining Zo
Io
Iamplifier
IL

IRo For Ro  RL
RL
Zo  RL  Zo become open cct
Zo=Ro IL  IRo
Example 6.2: For the system of
14
Fig. below, determine the
level of output impedance
Rsense

Two-port + 20 k Ω
system +
Zo
V=1 V
Vs=0V Vo=680mV -
-

Solution:
V  Vo 1  680m 320m
Io     16A
Rsense 20k 20k
Vo 680m
Zo    42.5k
Io 16
Example 6.3: For the system of
15
Fig. below, determine Z o
if V=600mV, Rsense=10k and Io=10A
Rsense
Rsource
+
Io +
Vs=0V Two-port Vo V
Zo
system -
-

Solution:
V  Vo
Io 
Rsense Vo 500m
Zo    50k
Vo  V  IoRsense  Io 10
 600m  10 10k
 500mV
Example 6.4: Using the Zo obtained
16
in example 6.3,
determine IL for the configuration of Fig below if
RL=2.2 k and Iamplifier=6 mA.

Solution:
Iamplifier
IL Current divider rule :
IRo Zo(Iamplifier)
RL
IL 
Zo=Ro Zo  RL
50k (6m)

50k  2.2k
 5.747mA
 Voltage Gain,
17
AV

• DC biasing operate the transistor as an amplifier.

Amplifier is a system that having the gain behavior.
• The amplifier can amplify current, voltage and power.
• It’s the ratio of circuit’s output to circuit’s input.
• The small-signal AC voltage gain can be determined
by:
Vo
Av 
Vi
 18

By referring the network below the analysis are:

no load
Rsource
Vo
+ + + AvNL  RL  Ω (open cct)
VS Zi
AvNL Vo
Vi
Vi
-
- -

with source resistance :

Determining the no load voltage gain
Vo Zi
Avs   AvNL
Vs Zi  Rs
 Example 6.5: For the BJT amplifier
19
of fig. below,
determine: a)Vi b) Ii c) Zi d) Avs
Rs Solution :
+ Vo
+ 1.2 kΩ
Zi
+
BJT amplifier a) AvNL 
VS=40mV AvNL=320 Vo=7.68V
Vi
Vi Vo 7.68
-
- - Vi    24mV
AvNL 320

Vs - Vi 40m  24m
b) Ii    13.33A
Rs 1 .2 k
Rs  Rsource

Vi 24m
c) Zi    1 . 8k 
Ii 13.33

Zi 1.8k
d) Avs  AvNL  (320)  192
Zi  Rs 1.8k  1.2k
 Current Gain,
20
Ai

• This characteristic can be determined by:

Io
Ii
+
+
Zi BJT Vo
Vi
amplifier RL Vo
Io  
-
-
RL
Determining the loaded current gain

Io Vo / RL VoZi Zi
Ai    Ai  Av
Ii Vi / Zi ViRL RL
 21

Hybrid Equivalent Model

r model is sensitive to the dc level of operation
e
that result input resistance vary with the dc
operating point
 Hybrid model parameter are defined at an
operating point that may or may not reflect the
actual operating point of the amplifier
 Hybrid Equivalent
22
Model

The hybrid parameters: hie, hre, hfe, hoe are developed and used to model the transistor.
These parameters can be found in a specification sheet for a transistor.
 23

Determination of parameter
V h
i 11 iI  h12 Vo
Vi
h11 
Ii Vo  0V

Vi
h12 
Vo Vo  0V

IO  h 21Ii  h 22 Vo
Solving Vo  0V ,
Ii
h 21 
Io Vo  0V

Io
h 22 
Vo Io  0A

H22 is a conductance!
 General h-Parameters
24
for any
Transistor Configuration

hi = input resistance
hr = reverse transfer voltage ratio (Vi/Vo)
hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii)
ho = output conductance
 25

Common emitter hybrid equivalent

circuit
 26

Common base hybrid equivalent

circuit
 Simplified General h-Parameter
27
Model
The model can be simplified based on these approximations:

hr  0 therefore hrVo = 0 and ho   (high resistance on the output)

Simplified
 Common-Emitter re vs.28h-Parameter Model

hie = re
hfe = 
hoe = 1/ro
 Common-Emitter29h-Parameters

7.28] hie  re [Formula

h fe   ac
[Formula 7.29]
 Common-Base re vs. h-Parameter
30
Model

hib = re
hfb = -
 Common-Base h-Parameters
31

7.30]
hib  re [Formula

h fb    1
[Formula 7.31]