IMPACT OF CRUDE OIL ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS

OF SOIL OF PADDY FIELD IN RUDRASAGAR OILFIELD AREA OF

SIVASAGAR DISTRICT, ASSAM

Presented By
Pragyan Pratim Chutia
Kakojan College,
Bsc-6th sem,
Chemistry:2023
 Introduction
 Definition of Soil


 Generally soil refers to the lose surface of the earth as identified from the original rocks and minerals from which it is
derived through weathering processes.
 “Soils are applied solely to those superficial or nearly superficial horizons of rocks, that I have been more or less modified
naturally by the interaction of water, air and various kinds of organisms, either living or dead; this being reflected in a
certain manner in composition, structure and colour of such formations. Where this conditions are absent, there are no
natural soils, but either artificial mixtures or rocks.”-Dokuchaev

Aim and objective
The work on Chemical properties of soil as affected by oil effluents is very much limited in Assam or elsewhere in India.
Our present effort is to know the quality of soil of Rudrasagar oil field region in upper Assam. Keeping in view of the
above facts the present investigation was undertaken with the following objective.

To investigate the effect of oil effluents on Chemical and physical properties of soil in the vicinity of oil field fields of
Rudrasagar, Assam.
 Materials and methods
 Collection of soil samples
Soil samples were collected from surface layer (0-15cm) of different oilfield area;
(Rudrasagar and Mothadang ) Sivasagar District. The soil sample were collected randomly
at distances 20, 50, 80, and 100 meters. One sample are collected from each spot by using
graduated auger of two inches in diameter and carried asceptically to the laboratory in
polyethene bags. The soil samples were dried, mixed well, grinded and sieved through a 2
mm sieve.
Analysis of soil samples

pH :
 Reagents: Buffer solution, Distill water
 Apparatus: Balance, Beaker, pH meter, a glass rod
Procedure
1 Weigh out 10 gm soil into a 100 ml beaker.

2. Add 25 ml of distilled water and stir continuously for 20 minutes and intermittently for half an hour. This time is allowed for the soil and water to
reach equilibrium. The equilibrium can also be attained in 5 minutes of continuous vigorous shaking on a mechanical shaker.

3. Switch on the pH meter and set the temperature compensation knob at the buffer solution temperature and the range selector to zero.

4. After a 10 minute warm up period, bring the galvanometer pointer to zero with thehelp of zero-set knob.

5. Dip the electrodes into a buffer of known pH turn the range selector and adjust thepH meter to pH of the buffer solution with the help of buffer
set knob. 6. Wash the electrode with distilled water and dry it with a piece of filter paper.

7. Shake the soil suspension and insert the electrodes in it. Read the pH on the dial of the pH meter.

8. Rinse the electrodes with distilled water and lower them back into a beaker of distilled water.
 Organic carbon content:
Reagents: Potassium Dichromate, ferrous ammonium sulphate, Diphenylamine indicator,
Sulphuric acid, Orthophosphoric Acid, NaF solution etc.
Apparatus: Conical flask, Burette, Pipette, Analytical, balance
 Procedure
1.Take accurately weighed 1 g soil sample (<2mm) in a 500 ml conical flask.
2. Add accurately 10 ml of 1 N K2Cr2O7 solution with the help of a burette and mix well the soil.
3. Add 20 ml conc. H2SO4 swirl and then vigorously for 1 min.
4. Allow it to stand for 30 min for chemical reactions.
5. Add about 200 ml distilled water, 10 ml orthophosphoric acid, 10 ml NaF solution and add
3-4 drops diphenylamine indicator. Shake well
6. Titrate the solution with 0.5 N ferrous ammonium sulphate solution till the colour changes from
violet through blue to bright green.
7. Note the amount of the ferrous ammonium sulphate solution used in titration.
 8. Carry out a blank (without soil) in a similar manner.
Electrical Conductivity :
Apparatus: Balance, Beaker, Measuring Cylinder, glass rod, conductivity meter etc.

Reagents:
Potassium Dichromate .
 Procedure
1. Take 25 g soil in a 100 ml beaker and add 50 ml of distilled water.
2. Stir intermittently for half an hour and then allow to stand for half an hour. The soilsuspension after pH determination
can also be used.
3. Select the conductance switch.
4. Switch on the instrument and allow 10 minutes to warm up.
5. Dip the electrode in the supernatant liquid.
6. Note down the reading.
Nitrogen Test
 Reagents: Potassium Permanganate, NaOH, Sulphuric acid, Methyl Red

 Equipment and apparatus: Nitrogen distillation unit, conical flask,

Burette, Pipette .
Procedure
1)Weigh 20 g of soil sample in a 800 ml Kjeldahl flask.
2) Moisten the soil with about 10 ml of distilled water, wash down the soil, if any, adhering to the neck of the flask.
3) Add 100 ml of 0.32% of KMnO4 solution.
4) Add a few glass beads or broken pieces of glass rod and then add 2-3 ml of paraffin liquid, avoiding contact with upper part of the neck
of the flask. The glass beads prevents bumping while liquid paraffin checks frothing during heating.
5) Measure 25 ml of 0.02N H₂SO4 acid containing methyl red indicator in a 250 mlconical flask and place it under the receiver tube. Dip
the receiver tube in the H₂SO4 acid.
6) Run tap water through the condenser.
7) Add 100 ml of 2.5% NaOH solution and immediately close the rubber stopper in the alkali trap.
8) Switch on the heaters and continue distillation until about 100 ml of distillate is collected.
9) First remove the conical flask containing distillate and then switch off the heater toavoid back suction.
10) Titrate the distillate against 0.02N NaOH taken in burette until colour changes frompink to yellow.
11) Run a blank without soil.
 12) Carefully remove the Kjeldahl flask after cooling and drain the contents in the sink.Phophorous test Equipments and Apparatus
 Phosphorus Test:
 Equipment and apparatus: Spectrophotometer , mechanical shaker, Balance, pH
meter ,Conical flask, volumetric flask, Beakers, Pipette.

 Reagents: Brays Extractant, ammonium molybdate, ascorbic acid, Sulphuric acid,

Phosphorus Solution
Procedure

1. Brays P-I extractant: Dissolve 1.110 g of NH4F AR grade in 1 litre of 0.025 N HCl
2. Reagent A: Dissolve 12 g of ammonium molybdate [(NH4)6MO7O24.4H2O] in about 250 ml
distilled water. Dissolve 0.2908 g of antimony potassium tartarate [K(SbO)C4H4O6 0.5 H2O] in 100
ml of distilled water. Add these two solutions to 1000 ml of 5N H2SO4, mix thoroughly and make the
volume to 2 litres with distilled water.
3. Reagent B: Dissolve 1.056 g of ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) in 200 ml of reagent A and mix. Prepare
daily when required.
4. 5N H2SO4: Carefully dilute 140 ml of conc. H2SO4 to 1 litre.
5. Stock standard P solution (100 ppm): Weigh 0.439 g of AR grade KH2PO4 dried inoven at 60 °C
for 1 hour in a beaker, add about 500 ml of distilled water and dissolved. Add 25 ml of approximately
7N H₂SO4 and make the volume to 1 litre.
 6. 2 ppm P solution: Dilute a suitable volume of 100 ppm P solution by 50 times to get2 ppm P
solution.
Potassium Test
 Equipment and apparatus: Flame Photometer, mechanical shaker, Balance, pH meter,
volumetric flask, Beakers, Pipette.
 Reagents: KCl Solution ,
 Procedure
1. Weigh 5 g soil in a 150 ml conical flask
2. Add 25 ml of NH.OAC solution to it and shake the contents for 5 minutes in a
mechanical shaker
3. Filter the suspension through Whatman No.1 filter paper
4. Feed the filtrate into the atomizer of the flame photometer.
 5. Locate the reading on the standard curve already prepared which will give the K
concentration in the extract. From this concentration, the amount of K in soil can be
calculated as shown under calculation part.
 Calcium and magnesium
 Equipments and Apparatus: Buncher funnel, vacuun pump, micro Burette, Pipette,
magnetic needles, stirring plates,China clay dish

 Reagents: Buffer solution, NaOH , Standard Ca solution , EDTA , Eriochrome Black T

indicator.etc
 Interference removing agents : KCN , Potassium ferrocyanide,
Procedure
Take a suitable extract (usually 5ml) from the soil extract in a china clay dish.
2) Add 10 drops of each of the masking agents, followed by the addition of 5ml of NaOH
solution and approximately 50mg of murexide indicator powder.
3) Titrate the solution on a magnetic stirrer against 0.01 N EDTA till the colour changes
from pink to purple.
4) A blank should be run similar to Ca + Mg determination for correction of sample
reading.
 5) In the final stages of titration, EDTA solution should be added drop wise as the
colour changes is not instantaneous. The end point must be compared with the blank
reading.
Result and Discussion
Conclusion
 We have collected soil samples from Mothadang and Bhatiyapar oilfield area from Sivasagar and
tested it’s pH, available N,P, K, Organic Carbon, exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion and electrical
conductivity
 Soil pH was determined based on soil:water ratio of 1:2.5. Results showed that the texture of the
soil was classified as sandy clay with the highest percentage of sand particles component. Organic
matter content is considered as low at less than 4% and soil organic carbon content was low with
1.75%. The average soil pH in the study area was very acidic with values of 3.81.In our present
investigation the pH value of four soil sample lies within this value similarly Available potassium
(K2O) is as seen to be low in sample 1,2 and 3 and in the medium ranges in sample 4. However the
Percentage of organic carbon in the sample:2 are somewhat low than the required range.Therefore,
our analysis of sample soil from there four different sample show that the soil is not more suitable
for cultivation barring some minor issues
Thank you