One-Dimensional, Steady-State

Conduction without
Thermal Energy Generation
 .

.
 x
T x   Ts , 2  Ts ,1   Ts ,1
L
dT Ts , 2  Ts ,1 

dx L
 Note that Heat Transfer equation can also be written as

q x   kA
dT

kA
Ts ,1  Ts , 2   Ts ,1  Ts , 2 
dx L L / kA
Or simply written

qx 
T1  T2 
L / kA
The right hand side in the equation will help us in determining the
Thermal Resistance Concept.
Thermal Resistance
 Recall electric circuit theory - Ohm’s law for electrical resistance:

Potential Differenc e
Electric current 
Resistance
• We can use this electrical analogy to represent heat transfer problems using
the concept of a thermal circuit (equivalent to an electrical circuit).

Overall Driving Force Toverall

q 
Resistance R 
Based on the previous solution, the conduction hear transfer rate
can be calculated:
dT kA
qx  kA  T1 T2 
T1 T2  (3.2a)
dx L L / kA
Similarly for heat convection, Newton’s law of cooling applies:
(T1 T2)
qx  hA(T1 T2)  (3.2b)
1/ hA
And for radiation heat transfer:
(Ts  Tsur )
qrad  hr A(Ts  Tsur )  (3.2c)
Compare with equations 3.2a-3.2c
1 / hr A
The temperature difference is the “potential” or driving force for the heat flow
and the combinations of thermal conductivity, convection coefficient,
thickness and area of material act as a resistance to this flow:
L 1 1
Rt ,cond  , Rt ,conv  , Rt ,rad 
kA hA hr A
Thermal Resistance Network

The thermal resistance network for heat transfer through a plane wall subjected to
convection on both sides, and the electrical analogy.
The Plane Wall
Consider a simple case of one-
dimensional conduction in a plane
wall, separating two fluids of
different temperature, without
energy generation
• Temperature is a function of x
• Heat is transferred in the x-direction
Must consider
• Convection from hot fluid to wall
• Conduction through wall
• Convection from wall to cold fluid
Begin by determining temperature
distribution within the wall
Thermal Resistance for Plane Wall

T,1 Ts,1 Ts,1 Ts,2 Ts,2 T,2

qx   
1/ h1A L / kA 1/ h2 A
In terms of overall
temperature
difference:
T,1 T,2
qx 
Rtot
1 L 1
Rtot   
h1A kA h2 A
THE OVERALL HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
Consider the plane wall shown in Figure below exposed to a hot fluid A on one
side and a cooler fluid B on the other side.
The heat transfer is expressed by

The overall heat transfer is calculated as the

ratio of the overall temperature difference
to the sum of the thermal resistances:

An overall heat-transfer coefficient U,

defined by the relation

where A is some suitable area for the heat flow.

The overall heat-transfer coefficient would be
For a hollow cylinder exposed to a convection environment on its inner and outer
surfaces, the electric-resistance analogy would appear as in Figure shown below
where, again, TA and TB are the two fluid temperatures. Note that the area for
convection is not the same for both fluids in this case, these areas depending on
the inside tube diameter and wall thickness. The overall heat transfer would be
expressed by
Heat Transfer Through
A Composite Plane Wall

Figure 4: Composite Wall

= UA ∆T
Where U = ___1__
Rtot A
Series composite
T1  T 4
q 
R
x
t

R  Rt tot  RA  RB  RC
LA LB LC
Rt  Rtot  k A  k A  k A
A B C

Parallel composite

The heat transfer rate in the T1  T 2 1

qx  R tot 
parallel network is R tot 1 R1 1 R 2
 1 1
 R t  R tot  RA  1 1 1  RE  1 1
  
R B RC R D R F RG
Thermal Contact Resistance
• In composite systems, the interface between two layers is usually not
perfect. This is due to surface roughness effect.
• When two such surfaces are pressed against each other, the peaks form
good material contact but the valleys form voids filled with air.
• These numerous air gaps of varying sizes act as insulation because of the
low thermal conductivity of air.
• Thus, an interface offers some resistance to heat transfer, and results
in temperature drop across the interface. this resistance per unit
interface area is called the thermal contact resistance, Rc.
Temperature distribution and heat flow lines along two solid plates
pressed against each other for the case of perfect and imperfect contact.
Heat Transfer Through A Hollow Cylinder
Heat Transfer Through Coaxial Cylinders
S-1: A wall of 0.6m thickness having thermal conductivity of 1.2 w/m-K.
The wall is to be insulated with a material having an average thermal conductivity
of 0.3 W/m-K. Inner and outer surface temperatures are 1000 C and 10C. Heat
transfer rate is 1400 W/m2 calculate the thickness of insulation.
Given Data
Thickness of wall L1 = 0.6 m, Thermal conductivity of wall K 1 = 1.2 W/m-K
Thermal conductivity of insulation K 2 = 0.3 W/m-K
Inner surface Temperature
T1 = 1000C + 273 = 1273 K
Outer surface Temperature
T3 = 10C + 273 = 283 K
Heat transfer per unit area Q/A = 1400 W/m 2.
Solution: 1 L1 L2 L3 1
R    
Let the thickness of insulation be L 2 ha A K1 A K 2 A K 3 A hb A
We know Toverall [T1  T3 ]
Q  Q
1 L1 L2 L3 1
R    
Where
ha A K1 A K 2 A K 3 A hb A
 T = Ta– Tb (or) T1 – T3
Q T1  T3 
Heat transfer coefficient ha, hb and thickness L3 are   
A L L
1
 2
not given. So neglect that terms. K1 K 2

 Q=
T1  T3  1400 
1273  283
0.6 L2
L1 L2 
 1.2 0.3
K1 A K 2 A L2  0.0621 m
S-2: A steam to liquid heat exchanger area of 25.2 m2 is constructed with 0.5cm nickel and 0.1 cm plating of
copper on the steam sides. The resistivity of a water-scale deposit on the steam side is 0.0015 K/W. The
steam and liquid surface conductance are 5400 W/m2K ad 560 W/m2K respectively. The heated steam is at
110C and heated liquid is at 70C.
Calculate
1.Overall steam to liquid heat transfer co-efficient
2.Temperature drop across the scale deposit
Take
K(Copper) = 350 W/m-K and K (Nickel) = 55 W/m-K.
Given
Area A = 25.2 m2
Thickness of Nickel L1 = 0.5 cm = 0.5  10-2 m
Thickness of Copper L2 = 0.1 cm = 0.1  10-2 m
Resistivity of scale R3 = 0.0015 K/W
Liquid surface conductance ha = 560 W/m2K
Steam surface conductance hb = 5400 W/m2K
Steam temperature Tb = 110C + 273 = 383 K
Liquid temperature Ta = 70C + 273 = 343 K
K2 (Copper) = 350 W/m-K
K1 (Nickel) = 55 W/m-K
Toverall
Solution:
Heat transfer through composite wall is given by Q
R
 T = Ta– Tb = 343 – 383 = -40 K
1 L1 L2 L3 1
R    
ha A K1 A K 2 A K 3 A hb A
= R a  R1  R2  R3  Rb
 R3 value is given, R3 = 0.0015 K/W

1 L1 L2 1
R    0.0015 
ha A K1 A K 2 A hb A
1 0.5  10-2 0.1 102 1
= +   0.0015 
560  25.2 55  25.2 350  25.2 5400  25.2
 R  1.58  103 K / W
Toverall
Q
R
40
Q
1.58  103
Heat transfer Q = - 25.2  103 W
[-ve sign indicates that the heat flows from, outside to inside]
we know Heat transfer Q = UA (Ta – Tb)  U = Q
A(Ta  Tb )
25.2  103

25.2  (40)
Overall heat transfer co - efficient U = 25 W/m2 K
T
Q T= T3  T4 
Temperature drop (T3 – T4) across the scale is given by Rscale
T
25.2  103 
0.0015
 T  37.8C
 S-3: An external wall of a house is made up of 10 cm common brick (K = 0.7 W/m-K) followed
by a 4 cm layer of Zibsum plaster (K = 0.48 W/m-K). What thickness of loosely packed insulation (K
= 0.065 W/m-K) should be added to reduce the heat loss through the wall by 80%.

Given Data
Thickness of brick = L1 = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Thermal conductivity of brick = K1 = 0.7 W/m-K
Thickness of Zibsum =L2 = 4 cm = 0.04 m
Thermal conductivity of Zibsum =K2 = 0.48 W/m-K
Thermal conductivity of insulation = K3 = 0.065 W/m-K
To find
Thickness of insulation to reduce the heat loss through the wall by 80% (L3)
Solution: 11 L L L 1
Toverall Where R    1  2  3  
Heat flow rate Q A  ha K1 K 2 K 3 hb 
R
[The terms ha , hb is not given so neglect that terms].
Considering two slabs
T 1  L1 L2 L3 
Q= [Assume heat transfer (Q) = 100 W] R =    
L1 L2 A  K1 K 2 K 3 

K1 K 2
T
T Q= [A = 1m2 ]
100 =  A = 1m 2  1  L1 L2 L3 
0.1 0.04
    
0.7 0.48
A  K1 K 2 K 3 
T  22.619 K 22.619
20 =
1  0.1 0.04 L3 
 
Heat loss is reduced by 80% due to 1  0.7 0.48 0.065 
insulation,
so heat transfer is 20 W. L3  0.0588 m
 Exercise Problems
Problem 1:

Solution: Toverall
Q
R
1  1 L1 L2 L3 1 
R      
A  ha K1 K 2 K 3 hb 
[The terms ha , hb is not given so neglect that terms].
1  L1 L2 L3 
R =    
A  K1 K 2 K 3 
 Exercise Problems
Problem 2:

Solution:
Toverall
Q
R
Problem 2 (Continued):
 Exercise Problems
Problem 3:

Solution:
 Exercise Problems
Problem 4:

Solution:
 Exercise Problems
Problem 5:

Solution: