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L-2 Basic Computer Organization

This document provides an overview of basic computer organization. It describes the five basic operations computers perform: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. It then explains the basic organization of a computer system including the input unit, output unit, storage unit, arithmetic logic unit, control unit, central processing unit, and how the computer is a system with integrated and logically related elements working together under control. Key terms related to computer organization are also defined.

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Sakib Ahmed
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20 views14 pages

L-2 Basic Computer Organization

This document provides an overview of basic computer organization. It describes the five basic operations computers perform: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. It then explains the basic organization of a computer system including the input unit, output unit, storage unit, arithmetic logic unit, control unit, central processing unit, and how the computer is a system with integrated and logically related elements working together under control. Key terms related to computer organization are also defined.

Uploaded by

Sakib Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Computer Organization

Course Teacher
Dewan Mamun Raza
Senior Lecturer
Learning Objectives
In this lecture you will learn about:
 Basic operations performed by all types of computer systems
 Basic organization of a computer system
 Input unit and its functions
 Output unit and its functions
 Storage unit and its functions
 Types of storage used in a computer system
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 Control Unit (CU)
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Computer as a system
The Five Basic Operations of a
Computer System

 Inputting. The process of entering data and instructions into the computer
system
 Storing. Saving data and instructions to make them readily available for initial
or additional processing whenever required
 Processing. Performing arithmetic operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide,
etc.) or logical operations (comparisons like equal to, less than, greater than,
etc.) on data to convert them into useful information
 Outputting. The process of producing useful information or results for the user
such as a printed report or visual display
 Controlling. Directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above
operations are performed
Basic Organization of a Computer
System
Input Unit

An input unit of a computer system performs the following functions:

① It accepts (or reads) instructions and data from outside world

② It converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable form

③ It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer system for
further processing
Output Unit

An output unit of a computer system performs the following functions:

① It accepts the results produced by the computer, which are in coded form and
hence, cannot be easily understood by us

② It converts these coded results to human acceptable (readable) form

③ It supplies the converted results to outside world


Storage Unit

The storage unit of a computer system holds (or


stores) the following :
① Data and instructions required for processing (received from
input devices)
② Intermediate results of processing
③ Final results of processing, before they are released to an
output device
Two Types of Storage

① Primary storage
Used to hold running program instructions
Used to hold data, intermediate results, and results
of ongoing processing of job(s)
Fast in operation
Small Capacity
Expensive
Volatile (looses data on power dissipation)
Two Types of Storage

② Secondary storage
Used to hold stored program instructions
Used to hold data and information of stored jobs
Slower than primary storage
Large Capacity
Lot cheaper than primary storage
Retains data even without power
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Arithmetic Logic Unit of a computer system is the


place where the actual executions of instructions takes
place during processing operation
Control Unit (CU)
 Control Unit of a computer system manages and coordinates the operations
of all other components of the computer system
 The control unit is a component of a computer's central processing unit
(CPU) that directs operation of the processor. It controls communication and
co-ordination between input/output devices. It reads and interprets
instructions and determines the sequence for processing the data.
 It directs the operation of the other units by providing timing and control
signals.
 All computer resources are managed by the CU (Control Unit).

 It directs the flow of data between the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and the
other devices.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

It is the brain of a computer system


It is responsible for controlling the operations of all
other units of a computer system
The System Concept
A system has following three characteristics:
① A system has more than one element
② All elements of a system are logically related
③ All elements of a system are controlled in a manner to achieve the
system goal
A computer is a system as it comprises of integrated components
(input unit, output unit, storage unit, and CPU) that work together
to perform the steps called for in the executing program
Key Words/Phrases
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)  Controlling

 Output interface  Secondary storage

 Auxiliary storage  Input interface


 Output unit  Storage unit
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)  Input unit
 Outputting  Storing
 Computer system  Inputting
 Primate storage  System
 Control Unit (CU)
 Main memory
 Processing

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