CHESS

CHESS
Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a
checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an 8 x 8 grid.
The game is played by millions of people worldwide. Chess
is believed to be derived from the Indian game chaturanga
sometime before the 7th century. Chaturanga is also the
likely ancestor of the Eastern strategy games xiangqi,
janggi, and shogi. Chess reached Europe by the 9th
century, due to the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. The
pieces assumed their current powers in Spain in the late
15th century; the modern rules were standardized in the
19th century.
OBJECTIVE OF THE GAME
The objective of the game is to "checkmate" the
opponent's king by placing it under an inescapable
threat of capture. To this end, the player's pieces are
used to attack and capture the opponents pieces, while
supporting each other. In addition to checkmate, the
game can be won by voluntary resignation by the
opponent, which typically occurs when too much
material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A
game may also result in a draw in several ways.
 SETUP
By convention, chess game pieces are divided into white and
black sets. Each set consists of 16 pieces: one king, one
queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns.
The pieces are set out as shown in the diagram and photo.
The players of the sets are referred to as White and Black,
respectively.
The game is played on a square board of eight rows (called ranks,
denoted 1 to 8 from bottom to top according to White’s
perspective) and eight columns (called files, denoted a to h
from left to right according to White’s perspective). The 64
squares alternate in color and are referred to as light and dark
squares. The chessboard is placed with a light square at the
right-hand end of the rank nearest to each player. Thus, each
queen starts on a square of its own color (the white queen on
a light square; the black queen on a dark square).
 MOVEMEN
T
In competitive games, the colors are allocated by the organizers; in
informal games, the colors are usually decided randomly, for
example by coin toss, or by one player's concealing a white and
black pawn in either hand and having the opponent choose. The
player with the white pieces moves first, after which players
alternate turns, moving one piece per turn (except for castling,
when two pieces are moved). A piece is moved to either an
unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's piece, which
is captured and removed from play. With the sole exception of en
passant, all pieces capture by moving to the square that the
opponent's piece occupies.
Moving is compulsory; it is illegal to
skip a turn, even when having to
move is detrimental. A player may
not make any move that would put
or leave the player’s own king in
check. If the player to move has no
legal move, the game is over; the
result is either checkmate (a loss for
the player with no legal move) if the
king is in check, or stalemate (a
draw) if the king is not.
Each piece has its own way of moving.
In the diagram, the dots mark the
squares to which the piece can move if
there are no intervening piece(s) of
either color (except the knight, which
leaps over any intervening pieces).
• The king moves one square in any direction. The king
also has a special move called castling that involves also
moving a rook.

• A rook can move any number of squares along a rank or

file, but cannot leap over other pieces. Along with the
king. a rook is involved during the king's castling move.

• A bishop can move any number of squares diagonally,

but cannot leap over other pieces.

• The queen combines the power of a rook and bishop

and can move any number of squares along a rank, file,
or diagonal, but cannot leap over other pieces.
• A knight moves to any of the closest squares that are
not on the same rank, file, or diagonal. (Thus the move
forms an "L" shape: two squares vertically and one
square horizontally, or two squares horizontally and one
square vertically.) The knight is the only piece that can
leap over other pieces.

• A pawn can move forward to the unoccupied square

immediately in front of it on the same file, or on its first
move it can advance two squares along the same file,
provided both squares are unoccupied (black dots in the
diagram); or the pawn can capture an opponent's piece
on a square diagonally in front of it on an adjacent file,
by moving to that square (black "x"s). A pawn has two
special moves: the en passant capture and promotion.
 CASTLING
Once in every game, each king can make a special move, known
as castling. Castling consists of moving the king two squares along
the first rank toward a rook (that is on the player’s first rank and
then placing the rook on the last square that the king just crossed.

Castling is permissible if the following conditions are met

• Neither the king nor the rook has previously moved during the game.

• There are no pieces between the king and the rook.

• The king cannot be in check, nor can the king pass through any square
that is under attack by an enemy piece, or move to a square that would
result in check.

(Note that castling is permitted if the rook is under attack, or if the rook
crosses an attacked square.)
 EN PASSANT
When a pawn makes a two-step advance from its starting position and there is an
opponent’s pawn on a square next to the destination square on an adjacent file, then
the opponent’s pawn can capture it en passant (“in passing”), moving to the square the
pawn passed over. This can only be done on the very next turn, otherwise the right to
do so is forfeited. For example, in the animated diagram, the black pawn advances two
steps from g7 to g5, and the white pawn on f5 can take it en passant on g6 (but only on
White’s next move).
 PROMOTION
When a pawn advances to the eighth rank, as a part of the move it is promoted and must be
exchanged for the player’s choice of queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color.
Usually, the pawn is chosen to be promoted to a queen, but in some cases another
piece is chosen; this is called underpromotion. In the animated diagram, the pawn on
c7 can be advanced to the eighth rank and be promoted. There is no restriction placed
on the piece promoted to, so it is possible to have more pieces of the same type than at
the start of the game (e.g., two or more queens).
CHECK
When a king is under immediate attack by one or two of the
opponent’s pieces, it is said to be in check. A move in
response to a check is legal only if it results in a position
where the king is no interposing a piece can involve
capturing the checking piece; between the checking piece
and the king (which is possible only if the attacking piece is
a queen, rook, or bishop and there is a square between it
and the king); or moving the king to a square where it is not
under attack. Castling is not a permissible response to a
check.
The object of the game is to checkmate the
opponent, this occurs when the opponent’s king is
in check, and there is no legal way to remove it
from attack. It is never legal for a player to make a
move that puts or leaves the player’s own king in
check. In casual games it is common to announce
“check” when putting the opponent’s king in
check, but this is not required by the rules of
chess, and is not usually done in tournaments.
END OF THE
GAME
 WIN
Games can be won in the following ways:

• Checkmate: The player whose turn it is to move is in check and has no

legal move to escape check.

•Resignation: Either player may resign, conceding the game to the

opponent. It is usually considered poor etiquette to play on in a hopeless
position, and for this reason high-level games rarely end in checkmate.

•Win on time: In games with a time control, a player wins if the

opponent runs out of time, even if the opponent has a superior position,
as long as the player has a theoretical possibility to checkmate the
opponent.

•Forfeit: A player who cheats, violates the rules, or violates the rules
specified for the particular tournament, can be forfeited. In high-
level tournaments, players have been forfeited for such things as:
 DRAW
There are several ways games can end in a draw:

• Draw by agreement: Draws are most commonly reached by mutual agreement

between the players. The correct procedure is to verbally offer the draw, make a
move, then start the opponent’s clock. Traditionally, players have been allowed to
to agree to a draw at any point in the game, occasionally even without playing a
move; in recent years efforts have been made to discourage short draws, for
example by forbidding draw offers before move thirty,

• Stalemate: The player whose turn it is to move has no legal move and is not in
check.

• Three-fold repetition of position: This most commonly occurs when neither

side is able to avoid repeating moves without incurring a disadvantage. In this
situation, either player can claim a draw; this requires the players to keep a valid
written record of the game so that the claim can be verified by the arbiter if
challenged. The three occurrences of the position need not occur on consecutive
moves for a claim to be valid. FIDE rules make no mention of perpetual check;
this is merely a specific type of draw by three-fold repetition.
• Fifty-move rule: If during the previous 50 moves no pawn has been moved
and no capture has been made, either player can claim a draw. There are
several known endgames where it is possible to force a mate but it requires
more than 50 moves before a pawn move or capture is made; examples
include some endgames with two knights against a pawn and some
pawnless endgames such as queen against two bishops. Historically, FIDE
has sometimes revised the 50- move rule to make exceptions for these
endgames, but these have since been repealed. Some correspondence
chess organizations do not enforce the fifty-move rule.

• Five-fold repetition of position: Similar to the threefold- repetition rule,

but in this case neither player needs to claim the draw; thus a tournament
director can intervene and declare the game to be drawn. This is a relatively
recent (2014) addition to the FIDE rules.
• Seventy-five-move rule: Similar to the fifty-move rule; however,
if the final move in the sequence resulted in checkmate, this takes
precedence. As with the fivefold- repetition rule, this applies
independently of claims by the players, and allows a tournament
director
to intervene. This rule likewise is a recent addition to the FIDE rules.

• Insufficient material: If neither player has a theoretical possibility

to
checkmate the opponent; for example, if a player has only the king
and a
knight left, and the opponent has only the king left, checkmate is
impossible and the game is drawn by this rule. On the other hand, if
both
players have a king and a knight left, there is a highly unlikely yet
theoretical possibility of checkmate, so this rule does not apply.

• Draw on time: In games with a time control, the game is drawn if a

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