18ECC302T - Antennas and

Wave Propagation
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ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS
Radiation patterns, Beam solid angle, Radiation
intensity- Directive gain- Directivity- Power
gain- Beam Width-Gain, Effective aperture

Antenna field zones, Reciprocity principle-

Relation between Effective length and Effective
area. Retarded vector potential, Fields
associated with Hertzian dipole - Power
radiated and radiation resistance of current
element
ANTEENA

 Aerial , Radiator
 Zoology meaning is Feeder
 IEEE - Radiating or receiving radio waves
 An antenna or aerial is “ System of elevated
conductor’s which couples (or) matches the
transmitter (or) receiver to free space”.
 The structure associated with “the region of
transition between a guided wave to free
space wave (or) between a free space wave to
a guides waves”
Communication Systems
Transmitting side of an Antenna

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Receiving Side of an Antenna

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Thevenin’s Equivalent of Antenna

Antenna Impedance ZA=(RL+Rr)+jXA

Antenna Parameters

 Radiation pattern
 Beam solid angle
 Radiation intensity
 Gain
 Directive Gain
 Power gain
 Directivity
 Beam Width-Gain
 Effective aperture
Radiation Pattern

 Definition
 An Antenna radiation pattern is defined as a mathematical
function or a graphical representation of the radiation
properties of the antenna as a function of space coordinates.
 “The emission of energy as electromagnetic wave (or) as
moving high energy particles” which causes ionization.
 The radiation properties include power flux density,
radiation intensity, field strength, directivity, phase or
polarization.
 A repeated form (or) design especially that is used to
decorate something.
Radiation lobes and beam widths
Linear plot of Power Pattern

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Two patterns of Radiation Pattern

 Normalized field pattern

 Normalized Power pattern

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Antenna Field Pattern

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Antenna Power Pattern

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Radian, Steradian

 Radian is measure of a plane angle. (C=2πr)

 Steradian is measure of a solid angle.
(A=4πr²)

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Relation Bt Radian & Steradian

 The measure of a plane angle is radian

 The measure of a solid angle is steradian

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Beam Solid Angle
 It is also called as Beam Area
 Definition
 It is given by the integral of the normalized power
pattern over a sphere

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 Radiation from the antenna expressed in terms of
field strength is field pattern.
 Radiation from the antenna expressed in terms of
power per unit area is power pattern.
 Performance of the antenna is usually described in
terms of its principal E-plane and H-plane patterns.
 E-plane- plane containing the electric field vector
and direction of maximum radiation.
 H-plane- plane containing the magnetic field
vector and direction of maximum radiation.
Radiation Intensity
 The power radiated from an antenna per unit
solid angle is called as radiation intensity U.

 The total power is obtained by integrating

the radiation intensity over the entire solid
angle of 4n

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Radiation Intensity
 The normalized power pattern can also be expressed
in terms of this parameter as the ratio of the radiation
intensity

 Where as the poynting vector S depends on the

distance of an antenna.
 But radiation intensity vector is independent of
distance from an antenna.
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Beam Efficiency

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Beam Efficiency

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Gain

 G=E1/E2
 G=kD (k is 0≤k ≤1) , D- Directivity
 When k=1, G=D
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Directive Gain

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Power Gain

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Directivity

 Ratio of maximum radiation intensity to the

average radiation intensity.
 Ratio of maximum to the average poynting
vector at a certain distance from the antenna.

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Directivity

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Directivity of an Isotropic Antenna

 Isotropic – lossless antenna- all the direction

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Antenna Beam width

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Aperture Concept

 Effective Aperture

 Scattering Aperture

 Loss Aperture

 Collective Aperture

 Physical Aperture
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Effective Aperture

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Effective Aperture of Dipole Antenna

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Effective Aperture of Dipole Antenna

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Effective Aperture of Dipole Antenna

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Effective Aperture of Dipole Antenna

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Effective Aperture of Dipole Antenna

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Scattering Aperture

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Loss Aperture

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Collective Aperture

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Physical Aperture

 Physical Aperture

 Absorption Ratio

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Physical Aperture

 Aperture Efficiency

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Antenna Efficiency

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