UCSP

1ST QUARTER WEEK 4

Module 4:
 Significanceof Cultural,
Social, Political and
Economic Symbols and
Practices
Picture Analysis.
Picture Analysis.
Artifact is an object remaining from a particular period.
An artifact, or artefact is something
made or given shape by humans,
such as a tool or a work of art,
especially an object of
archaeological interest. In
archaeology, however, the word has
become a term of particular nuance
and is defined as: an object
recovered by archaeological
endeavor, which may be a cultural
artifact having cultural interest.
 Tool Traditions
Oldowan tools are part of the Lower
Paleolithic stage of technological
development. They were made by Homo
habilis, and also by early Homo erectus.
There were two main types of Oldowan
tools: core tools and flake tools
 Tool Traditions
1. Core tools- were made by
using a rock as a hammer to
knock flakes off another
stone, resulting in a chopping
tool that could be held easily
in the hand. The tool could
also be used for hammering
or digging.
 Tool Traditions
2. Flake tools-were the flakes of
rock that were removed in the
process of making the core
tools. Flake tools were used as
knives. They were used, for
example, to butcher animals, as
evidenced by cut marks on
animal bones found in
association with the tools.
 Tool Traditions
Acheulian Tools
Homo erectus developed a more complex tool from what
they inherited from Homo habilis. Using the same
process of percussion flaking, Homo erectus created
hand axes that were bifacial, shaped in both sides and
with straighter and sharper edges. These stones were
used in multiple activities such as light chopping of
woods, digging up roots and bulbs, butchering animals,
cracking nuts and small bones. Homo erectus made
other tools such as choppers, cleavers, and hammers as
well as flakes used as knives and scrapers.
 Tool Traditions
Mousterian Tools
Was developed by Homo neaderthalensis
(Neanderthals) in Europe and West Asia. The
tools from this industry combined Acheulian
industry technique, which involved the use of
premade core tool and extraction of a flake tool
that has sharpened edges. This type of tool is
very efficient as all the sides of the flake tool
are sharpened and are more handy.
 Tool Traditions
Upper Paleolithic Tools
By about 75 thousand years ago, some early modern
humans began making tools that were significantly
different from the earlier Mousterian tools. They have been
categorized in several different tool traditions in the Upper
Paleolithic stage of technological development. These new
tools have been found in sites in Europe and elsewhere in
the Old World and more recently in the New World. They
range from blades of various shapes and sizes to barbed
harpoon heads.
 Tool Traditions
Upper Paleolithic Tools
 Types of Society
Although humans have established
many types of societies throughout
history, sociologists and
anthropologists (experts who study
early and tribal cultures) usually refer
to six basic types of societies, each
defined by its level of technology.
 Types of Society
 Hunting and Gathering Societies
 The members of hunting and gathering
societies primarily survive by hunting
animals, fishing, and gathering plants. Most
of them were nomadic, moving constantly in
search of food and water.
 Types of Society
 Pastoral Societies
 Members of pastoral societies,
which first emerged 12,000 years
ago, pasture animals for food and
transportation.
 Types of Society
 Pastoral Societies
 Domesticating animals allows for a more manageable food
supply than do hunting and gathering. Hence, pastoral
societies are able to produce a surplus of goods, which makes
storing food for future use a possibility. Pastoral societies
allow certain of its members (those who are not domesticating
animals) to engage in non-survival activities. Traders, healers,
spiritual leaders, craftspeople, and people with other specialty
professions appear.
 Types of Society
 Horticultural Societies
 Horticultural societies rely on cultivating fruits,
vegetables, and plants. These societies first
appeared in different parts of the planet about the
same time as pastoral societies. Like hunting and
gathering societies, horticultural societies had to be
mobile. Depletion of the land's resources or
dwindling water supplies, for example, forced the
people to leave.
 Types of Society
 Agricultural Societies
 Agricultural societies use technological
advances to cultivate crops (especially grains
like wheat, rice, corn, and barley) over a large
area. Sociologists use the phrase Agricultural
Revolution to refer to the technological changes
that occurred as long as 8,500 years ago that led
to cultivating crops and raising farm animals.
 Types of Society
 Feudal Societies
 The 9th to 15th centuries, feudalism was a form
of society based on ownership of land. Unlike
today's farmers, vassals under feudalism were
bound to cultivating their lord's land. In exchange
for military protection, the lords exploited the
peasants into providing food, crops, crafts,
homage, and other services to the owner of the
land.
 Types of Society
 Industrial Societies
 Industrial societies are based on using machines (particularly
fuel‐driven ones) to produce goods. Sociologists refer to the
period during the 18th century when the production of goods in
mechanized factories began as the Industrial Revolution.
 As productivity increased, means of transportation improved to
better facilitate the transfer of products from place to place.
Great wealth was attained by the few who owned factories, and
the “masses” found jobs working in the factories.
 Types of Society
 Post-industrial Societies
 Sociologists note that with the advent of the computer
microchip, the world is witnessing a technological
revolution. This revolution is creating a postindustrial
society based on information, knowledge, and the selling of
services. That is, rather than being driven by the factory
production of goods, society is being shaped by the human
mind, aided by computer technology. Although factories
will always exist, the key to wealth and power seems to lie
in the ability to generate, store, manipulate, and sell
information.
 Processes of Cultural and Sociopolitical Evolution

 The Neolithic Revolution

 This period is characterized by a major
shift in economic subsistence of early
humans from foraging to agriculture. This
dramatic shift affected the other aspects of
their lifestyle, as foraging made them
nomads and agriculture encouraged
permanent settlement.
Processes of Cultural and Sociopolitical Evolution
 Processes of Cultural and Sociopolitical Evolution
 Early Civilization and the Rise of the State
 The earliest civilizations rose by the end of the
Neolithic period as the complexities brought about
by the shift in food production demanded a more
rigid social structure that would manage the
opposing perspective of various sectors. As a
conflict between groups developed and intensified,
the need to create a more cohesive society
became definite.
 Processes of Cultural and Sociopolitical Evolution
 Early Civilization and the Rise of the State
 Early civilizations were characterized by the presence
of city-states, a system of writing and a ceremonial
center where public debates and decision were made.
However, it must be noted that not all societies during
this period could be considered as civilizations as not
all possessed a political system that could be equated
to a state. A state is apolitical entity that has four
requisite elements: territory, sovereignty, people and
government.
 Processes of Cultural and Sociopolitical Evolution
 Democratization of Early Civilization
 The traditional view on the history of democracy
highlights its development among the city states of
ancient Greece, around 507 BCE. It is believed that an
Athenian statesman named Cleisthenes proposed
demokratia as a political ideology that aimed at
dispersing power from the monopoly of the elites to
the masses. This allows for the closing n of social
gaps between diverging social groups.
 QUIZ NO. 4
MATCH COLUMN A WITH COLUMN B COLUMN B

A. CORE TOOLS
COLUMN A B. FLAKE TOOLS
1. The tool could also be used for hammering or digging. C. ACHEULIAN TOOLS
2. Were used as knives. D. MOUSTERIAN TOOLS
3. Tools developed by Homo Erectus. E. PASTORAL SOCIETIES
4. Tools developed by Homo neanderthalensis. F. HORTICULTURAL
5. Societies that pasture animals for food and transportation. SOCIETIES
6. Societies that rely on cultivating fruits, vegetables, and plants. G. AGRICULTURAL
7. Societies that use technological advances to cultivate crops. SOCIETIES
8. A form of society based on ownership of land. H. FEUDAL SOCIETIES
9. Societies that are based on using machines. I. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
10. The world is witnessing a technological revolution. J. POST-INDUSTRIAL
SOCIETIES
 ANSWER KEY
 1. A
 2. B
 3. C
 4. D.
 5. E
 6. F
 7. G
 8. H
 9. I
 10. J