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GenBio9 051716

The cell membrane separates the interior of cells from the external environment. It is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that regulates what passes in and out. There are two main types of transport across the membrane: passive transport, which doesn't require energy and occurs via diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or osmosis down a concentration gradient; and active transport, which pumps molecules against a gradient using energy from ATP via protein channels or endocytosis/exocytosis.

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24 views35 pages

GenBio9 051716

The cell membrane separates the interior of cells from the external environment. It is a selectively permeable phospholipid bilayer that regulates what passes in and out. There are two main types of transport across the membrane: passive transport, which doesn't require energy and occurs via diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or osmosis down a concentration gradient; and active transport, which pumps molecules against a gradient using energy from ATP via protein channels or endocytosis/exocytosis.

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salihuddinalkaizar
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TRANSPORT

MECHANISMS
THE BORDERS

The most important parts of a cell


are its borders, which separate the
cell from its surroundings.
All cells are surrounded by a thin
flexible barrier known as
The Cell Membrane
CELL MEMBRANE

• Cell membrane separates the components of a


cell from its environment—surrounds the cell.
• “Gatekeeper” of the cell—regulates the flow of
materials into and out of cell—selectively
permeable.
• Cell membranes are made of a double layer
sheet called a phospholipid bilayer.
• Cell membrane helps cells maintain
homeostasis—stable internal balance.
THE CELL MEMBRANE IN DETAIL

 It’s a double layer (bilayer) of


phosphates, and fats (lipids)
HydroPHILIC
A single phospholipid has head
hydrophilic (water loving)
phosphate heads AND hydroPHOBIC
hydrophobic (water hating) fatty tails
acid tails
 The cell membrane both repels
and attracts water through the
membrane at the same time
 Prokaryotes (have a cell wall + cell membrane)
 Eukaryotes:
• a) Animal Cells ( cell membrane only)
• b) Plant cells (cell membrane + cell wall)

SOME cells have cell membranes and cell walls – ex:


plants, fungi and bacteria.

Cell
Membrane

Cell Wall
CELLULAR TRANSPORT

Cellular transport is the process of


molecules or material moving in and out
of the cell.
There are two types of transport within the
cell.
 Passive Transport
 Active Transport
TYPES OF CELLULAR
TRANSPORT
Weeee!
 Passive Transport !!
cell doesn’t use energy
1. Diffusion
high
2. Facilitated Diffusion
3. Osmosis
low
 Active Transport This is
cell does use energy gonna be
hard work!!
1. Protein Pumps
high
2. Endocytosis
3. Exocytosis
low
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
 Passive transport is the movement of molecules in
or out of the cell without the use of energy.
 Can only occur if the molecules moving in and out
of the cell are:
 Small
 Uncharged (meaning they contain NO + or –
which are ions)
 Move from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration
 There are three types of passive transport: diffusion,
osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
DIFFUSION
 Diffusion is the movement of small particles across a
selectively permeable membrane like the cell membrane
until equilibrium is reached.

 These particles move from an area of high concentration to


an area of low concentration.
outside of cell

inside of cell
MOLECULES THAT DIFFUSE
THROUGH
1.
CELL
Oxygen – Non-polar
MEMBRANES
so diffuses very
quickly.

2. Carbon dioxide –
Polar but very small
so diffuses quickly.

3. Water – Polar but


also very small so
diffuses quickly.
OSMOSIS
 The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane like the cell membrane.
 Water diffuses across a membrane from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.

Semi-permeable
membrane is
permeable to water,
but not to sugar
Terms to Know
Concentration – the amount of solute in a solution.

Solute – the dissolved substance in a solution.

Solution – a mixture in which two or more


substances are mixed evenly.

Concentration gradient - the gradual difference in


the concentration of solutes in a solution between
two regions.
Tonicity
Hypertonic Solutions: contain a high concentration of solute relative to another
solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution,
the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel.

Hypotonic Solutions: contain a low concentration of solute relative to another


solution (e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution,
the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode.

Isotonic Solutions: contain the same concentration of solute as another solution


(e.g. the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water
diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the
body cells is isotonic.
Regular Water Distilled Water
Salt Water
(Tap or Spring (Pure 100%
(Ocean)
water) Water)
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
 Movement of specific molecules across cell
membranes through protein channels.
 These specific molecules bind to a protein and
are channeled from the outside of the cell to the
inside.
Glucose molecules
outside of cell

inside of cell
• Facilitated diffusion – uses proteins to
move molecules
• Carrier proteins are transport proteins that carry large
molecules through the cell membrane.
• Channel proteins are transport proteins that form pores
through the cell membrane.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
ACTIVE TRANSPORT

How do YOU think active transport


differs from passive transport?
ANALOGY

ENERGY NEEDED:
Active Transport
Endocytosis
NO ENERGY NEEDED: Exocytosis
Passive Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
The passing of molecules across a membrane
against the concentration gradient
Requires energy
Small molecules are transported by pumps
(molecular transport)
Larger molecules are transported by
endocytosis and exocytosis.
Energy

Molecule
being carried
TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Active transport uses ENERGY (ATP)


ENDOcytosis = how materials ENTER the cell (cell eating/engulfing)
PINOcytosis= how small materials ENTER the cell (cell
drinking/engulfing)
PHAGOcytosis = how larger materials ENTER the cell (cell
eating/engulfing)
EXOcytosis = how materials EXIT the cell (how the cell uses the
bathroom)
ENDOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS

Food is moved
into the cell by
Endocytosis

Wastes are
moved out of the
cell by Exocytosis
ENDOCYTOSIS

Process of taking material into the cell


by means of forming a vesicle or
pockets of the cell membrane.
This takes material into the cell and it
forms a vacuole in the cell.
Large molecules of food and whole cells
can be taken this way.
TWO TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS

Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
 Means “cell eating”  Means” cell drinking”
 Tiny pockets form
 An extension of
along the cell
cytoplasm surrounds a membrane fill with
particle and package it liquid and form
into a food vacuole. vacuoles with in the
 requires an enormous cell.
amount of energy  Requires enormous
amounts of energy
EXOCYTOSIS

 The process where cells


release large amount of
materials
 Vacuole surrounding material
fuses with the cell
membrane, forcing the
contents out of the cell
 Also requires energy
AS BIOLOGY, CELL MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT 35

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