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Distribution Lines Underground Overhead

A distribution transformer is used to step down high voltage electricity from distribution lines to lower voltages suitable for homes and businesses. It provides isolation between the primary and secondary windings. There are several types including single phase, three phase, pad mounted, and pole mounted transformers available in various sizes and efficiencies. The main components include an oil tank, conservator, Buchholz relay, and bushing. Distribution transformers are essential infrastructure for distributing electrical power from generation sources to end users.

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Ronieboy Baliber Cairo
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34 views17 pages

Distribution Lines Underground Overhead

A distribution transformer is used to step down high voltage electricity from distribution lines to lower voltages suitable for homes and businesses. It provides isolation between the primary and secondary windings. There are several types including single phase, three phase, pad mounted, and pole mounted transformers available in various sizes and efficiencies. The main components include an oil tank, conservator, Buchholz relay, and bushing. Distribution transformers are essential infrastructure for distributing electrical power from generation sources to end users.

Uploaded by

Ronieboy Baliber Cairo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is a Distribution Transformer?

A distribution transformer is also known as a typical kind of


isolation transformer. The main function of this transformer is to alter the
high voltage to the normal voltage like 240/120 V to use in electric power
distribution. In the distribution system, there are
different kinds of transformers available like single phase, 3-phase,
underground, pad-mounted, pole-mounted transformer.
Generally, these transformers are available in
different sizes with efficiencies along with
insulating oil. These transformers are available in
various sizes and efficiencies. The selection of this
transformer mainly lies in the requirement and
budget of the user. There are four types of
distribution transformer connections available
like star-star, delta-delta, star-delta, delta-star and
Zig Zag/delta zigzag.
Distribution Transformer Construction
The designing of a distribution transformer can be done similarly to small size
transformers. The main parts of this transformer mainly include Oil Tank, Conservator,
Buchholz Relay, Breather Unit, Oil Indicator, Temperature Detector, Pressure Relief Device,
Thermal Relay, Radiator, and Bushing.

•The oil tank is used to soak the windings by placing it in.


•A conservator is arranged above the oil tank at the outside of the transformer frame. It is
connected to the main tank with the help of a metallic tube. The oil within the tank can be
easily contacted & enlarge throughout loading so that the temperature of the oil can be
increased & decrease.
•Buchholz relay is used when a conservator tank is used. Because it indicates errors like loss of
oil once it goes low, improper flow of oil between the tank & transformer.
•Breather Unit includes silica gel that absorbs moisture in the oil. It changes its color from blue
color to pink color it is not capable to absorb moisture in the oil.
•The oil indicator indicates the level of the oil within the conservatory unit.
•The temperature detector monitors the temperature of the oil. If the temperature of
the oil increases to a certain level then the transformer will be disconnected from the
service.
•Pressure relief device decreases the pressure within the transformer to avoid an
explosion of the transformer.
•Thermal relay is used as an indicator for the temperature of the winding
•The radiator is used to increase the transformer’s cooling efficiency.
•The bushing is used to connect the internal windings of the transformer with the help
of an exterior electrical network.
Types of Distribution Transformer

Single Phase
These transformers are specially
used for networks wherever a
three-phase supply is not required.
Usually, these are used for
repairing overhead distribution
loads in residential. These are also
applicable in industrial lighting,
light commercial loads & power
applications.
Three Phase
This kind of transformer is used
to hold electrical energy from
the main distribution circuit to a
minor distribution circuit. This
type of transformer transmits
the current to a secondary
distribution circuit and also
reduces the voltage of the
primary distribution circuit.
These transformers reduce the
voltage supply for the primary
circuit based on the consumer
requirement.
Pad-Mounted
This type of transformer includes a
locked steel cupboard that is arranged on
a concrete pad. This type of transformer
is installed in places where they do not
have space for a fenced enclosure. This
transformer is used with electric power
distribution lines at an overhead
electrical line for reducing the primary
voltage to supply for the customers. A
single transformer of this type can serve
many homes/a large building. The power
rating of this transformer ranges from 75
kVA to 5000 kVA and includes fixed
switches & fuses.
Pole Mounted
These transformers are mounted on an electrical
service pole at the height of the overhead
cables. These are used for changing high
distribution voltage to low like 120/240 volt
power. These types of transformers are used in a
wide rural area, ranges from 16 kVA to 100kVA.
These are available in small size and easy to fit
on single-pole structures. These transformers
are reliable to harsh climates when they used in
remote areas.
Tanks of the transformer can be shaped and
protected from the corrosive materials &
accumulation of water. In coastal areas, tanks
can be protected from zinc sprays whereas, in
highly corrosive regions, stainless tanks are
used.
The uses of the distribution transformer include the following.

•This transformer changes from high voltage electricity to low voltage


electricity, used in homes & businesses.
•The main function of this is to step down the voltage to provide
isolation between two windings like primary & secondary
•This transformer distributes the power to remote areas which are
generated from the power plants
•Generally, this transformer distributes the electrical energy to
industries with less voltage under 33KV and 440volts to 220volts for
domestic purposes.
Distribution Line construction
The distribution line construction is divided into three parts:
1. Construction of the Line
a. Single Phase
b. Two Phase
c. Three Phase
2. The Different Assemblies of the Distribution Line
a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Grounding
3. Protection of the Line and Metering
a. Fuse Cutout
b. Lightning Arrester
c. Recloser
d. Voltage Regulator and Capacitor
e. Transformer
Overhead Lines
Along streets, alleys, through woods, and in backyards, many of the distribution lines that
feed customers are overhead structures. Because overhead lines are exposed to trees and
animals, to wind and lightning, and to cars and kites, they are a critical component in the
reliability of distribution
circuits.

Typical Constructions
Overhead constructions come in a variety of configurations. Normally one primary circuit is
used per pole, but utilities sometimes run more than one circuit per structure. For a three-phase
circuit, the most common structure is a horizontal layout with an 8- or 10-ft wood crossarm
on apole. Armless constructions are also widely found where
fiberglass insulator standoffs or post insulators are used in a tighter configuration. Utilities
normally use 30- to 45-ft poles, set 6 to 8 ft deep. Vertical
construction is also occasionally used. Span lengths vary from 100 to 150 ft
in suburban areas to as much as 300 or 400 ft in rural areas
Distribution circuits normally have an underbuilt neutral — the neutral acts as a safety
ground for equipment and provides a return path for unbalanced loads and for line-to-ground
faults. The neutral is 3 to 5 ft below the phase conductors. Utilities in very high lightning
areas may run the neutral wire above the phase conductors to act as a shield wire. Some
utilities also run the neutral on the crossarm. Secondary circuits are often run under the
primary. The primary and the secondary may share the neutral, or they may each have their
own neutral. Many electric utilities share their space with other utilities; telephone or cable
television cables may run under the electric secondary
(a) Three-phase 34.5-kV armless
construction with covered wire.

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