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Chapter 4 Communicable Disease

This document discusses sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including symptoms, complications, and specific STDs like syphilis, gonorrhea, and HIV/AIDS. STDs are caused by bacteria and viruses that are transmitted through sexual contact and bodily fluids. Common symptoms include abnormal discharge or bleeding. Untreated STDs can lead to complications like pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and pregnancy issues. Prevention methods include barrier protection, screening, vaccination, and treatment of infected individuals.

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60 views33 pages

Chapter 4 Communicable Disease

This document discusses sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including symptoms, complications, and specific STDs like syphilis, gonorrhea, and HIV/AIDS. STDs are caused by bacteria and viruses that are transmitted through sexual contact and bodily fluids. Common symptoms include abnormal discharge or bleeding. Untreated STDs can lead to complications like pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and pregnancy issues. Prevention methods include barrier protection, screening, vaccination, and treatment of infected individuals.

Uploaded by

Ayro Business Center
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Sexually Transmitted Diseases


. Introduction

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by sexually transmitted


infections (STIs). They are spread mainly by sexual contact. STD are
caused by bacteria and viruses. A sexual transmitted infection may pass
from person to person , in blood, semen, or vaginal and other bodily
fluid.
Cont..

• Some times sexual transmitted infection are spread in ways other than
sexual contact. For exam STIs can spread to infants during
pregnancy or childbirth. STIs also can spread through blood
transfusion or shared needles
SYMTOMS OF STD

• Painful or burning urination


• Discharge from the penis.
• Unusual or odorous vaginal discharge.
• Unusual vaginal bleeding.
• Pain during sex.
• Lower abdominal pain.
• Fever.
Complications

• Pelvic pain.
• Pregnancy complications.
• Eye inflammation.
• Arthritis.
• Pelvic inflammatory disease.
• Infertility.
• Heart disease.
SOME STD ARE

• SYPHILIS{HARD CHANCRE}
• GONORHEA
• HIV/AID
Syphilis (Hard chancre)

• Definition
• Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that’s treatable with
medication. Without treatment, syphilis causes serious health
problems. It can permanently damage your heart, brain, muscles,
bones and eyes. To reduce your risk of infection, always use a
condom during sex
Conti…

• Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that spreads when


you have vaginal, anal or oral sex with someone who has the
infection.
• A bacteria causes it.
• Infectious agent Treponema pallidum, a spirochete.
• Antibiotic medication treats syphilis. Untreated syphilis can lead to
serious health problems, including blindness and damage to your
brain, heart, eyes and nervous system.
Cont..

• Epidemiology Occurrence: Worldwide spread. Primarily involving


sexually active young people between 20 and 29 years. More
common in urban than rural areas.
• Reservoir - Humans
What is congenital syphilis?

• Congenital syphilis occurs when a pregnant person passes the


infection to the fetus during pregnancy. Syphilis causes severe health
problems (including death) in babies and young children. Your
pregnancy care provider should screen you for STIs at one of your
first prenatal visits. It’s important to receive treatment right away if
you have syphilis.
How common is syphilis?

• According to the Canters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),


there were about 134,000 cases of syphilis in 2020. The infection is
more common in men and people assigned male at birth (AMAB).
Men who have sex with men (MSM) are diagnosed with syphilis
more than any other group.
Who might get syphilis?

 Anyone who’s sexually active can get syphilis, but your risk is higher if
you:
• Have unprotected sex, especially if you have several partners.
• Are a man who has sex with men (MSM).
• Have HIV.
• Have had sex with someone who’s tested positive for syphilis.
• Tested positive for another STI, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea or herpes.
Where can you get syphilis?

• In women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB)


• On your vulva (external genitals).
• In or around your vagina.
• Around your anus or inside your rectum.
• On your lips or in your mouth.
• In men and people assigned male at birth (AMAB)
• On your penis or scrotum.
• Under the foreskin of your penis.
• Around your anus or inside your rectum.
• On your lips or in your mouth.
Mode of transmission

• Mode of transmission:- by direct contact with lesion mainly during


sexual intercourse. Accidentally by touching infective tissues. Or via
blood transfusion. Or congenitally, which may occur before birth, in
the case of an infected mother.
• Incubation period– 10 days to 3 months, usually 3 weeks.
Prevention and control

• 1. Treatment of cases
• 2. Treatment of contacts and source of infection
• 3. Health education on safe sex
• 4. Controlling STDs among commercial sex workers ƒ Monthly check up and
treatment of cases
• ƒ Provision of condom
• 5. Screening of pregnant women and early treatment to prevent congenital syphilis
• 6. Screening of blood before transfusion.
Treatment

• Benzathin penicillin G Im stat or ƒ Tetracycline or Erythromycin


500mg PO Qid for 2 weeks for penicillin sensitive people
Gonorrhea

• Definition
• Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection, also called a sexually
transmitted disease, caused by bacteria. Sexually transmitted diseases
are infections spread mainly by contact with genitals or bodily fluids.
Also called STDs, STIs or venereal disease, sexually transmitted
infections are caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites.
• Neisseria gonorrhea,
Cont..

• Gonorrhoea bacteria can infect the urethra, rectum, female


reproductive tract, mouth, throat or eyes. Gonorrhoea is most
commonly spread during vaginal, oral or anal sexual activity. But
babies can get the infection during childbirth. In babies, gonorrhoea
most commonly affects the eyes.
Symptoms

Gonorrhoea affecting the genital tract


 Male symptoms of gonorrhoea infection include:
• Painful urination.
• Pus-like discharge from the tip of the penis.
• Pain or swelling in one testicle.
 Female symptoms of gonorrhoea infection include:
• Increased vaginal discharge.
• Painful urination.
• Vaginal bleeding between periods, such as after vaginal intercourse.
• Abdominal or pelvic pain.
Cont..

• Epidemiology Occurrence – worldwide, affecting both genders,


especially sexually active adolescents and young adults. Common in
rural areas. Prevalent in communities of lower socio-economic status.
In most industrialized countries,
Mode of transmission

• Reservoir - Strictly a human disease


• Mode of transmission - almost always as a result of sexual activity
Incubation period - usually 2-7 days
Prevention and control

• 1. The same as syphilis


• 2. Application of 1% tetracycline in both eyes of newborne as soon as
delivered.
Treatment

• Co - trimoxazole or
• 2. Erythromycin or
• 3. Ceftriaxone can be used
HIV/AIDS

• Definition A severe, life - threatening clinical condition, first


recognized as a distinct syndrome in 1981. This syndrome represents
the late clinical stage of infection with the human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV), which most often results in progressive damage to the
immune and other organ systems, including the CNS.
• Infections agent Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) (HIV-1 and
HIV-2 )
Cont. ..

• Epidemiology Occurrence - worldwide spread pandemic. HIV -1


infections are now distributed worldwide, but are most prevalent in
Sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, western Europe and southern and
Southeast Asia. HIV -2 has been found primarily in West Africa, with
some cases in the western hemisphere and other African countries that
are linked epidemiological to West Africa.
Cont.…
• The MOH 2002 report depicts the following about the HIV/AIDS situation in Ethiopia: -
The HIV prevalence rate for the country as a whole is estimated at 6.66 percent.
• Communicable Disease Control 147
• -The estimated HIV prevalence rate for urban areas is 13.7 percent
• Prevalence rates for some urban centers other than Addis Ababa are much higher than the
rate for Addis Ababa.
• The estimated rural prevalence rate is 3.7 percent, which is 25 percent of Addis Ababa’s
rate.
• - HIV seems to be driving the TB epidemic in Ethiopia.
• - The highest prevalence of HIV is seen in the age group
Mode of transmission

• Reservoir – Humans
• Mode of transmission – Mainly through sexual exposure and
exposure to blood or tissues . Moreover, trans placental transmission
from an infected mother to the fetus.
incubation period

• incubation period- variable. Although the time from infection to the


development of detectable antibodies is generally 1-3 months, the
time from HIV infection to diagnosis of AIDS has an observed range
of less than 1year to 10years or longer. About half of infected adults
will have developed AIDS within 10 years after infection.
Sign and symptoms

 fever
Fatigue
Rash
Swollen lymph nodes
Unexpected weight loss
Diarrhea
Tuberculosis
Late complications

• Late complications of HIV infection These result from opportunistic


infections like pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Tuberculosis,
cryptococcal meningitis, etc
Prevention and control

• 1. Treatment of cases
• 2. Treatment of contacts and source of infection
• 3. Health education on safe sex
• 4. Controlling STDs among commercial sex workers ƒ Monthly
check up and treatment of cases ƒ Provision of condom
Treatment

• 1. No specific treatment.
• 2. Treatment of opportunistic infections.
• 3. Use of anti-HIV drug to reduce transmission of the virus to the
fetus of pregnant mothers reduces fetal infection.
Thanks

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