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4.4 Grinding

The document discusses various topics related to grinding wheels and grinding processes. It covers abrasive grains, grain size, wheel grades, grain spacing, wheel bonds, types of grinding wheels, grinding machine guards, work rests, and wheel dressing. Specifically, it defines key grinding terminology and outlines the different factors that characterize grinding wheels and influence the grinding process.

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Tariq Ahmed
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42 views21 pages

4.4 Grinding

The document discusses various topics related to grinding wheels and grinding processes. It covers abrasive grains, grain size, wheel grades, grain spacing, wheel bonds, types of grinding wheels, grinding machine guards, work rests, and wheel dressing. Specifically, it defines key grinding terminology and outlines the different factors that characterize grinding wheels and influence the grinding process.

Uploaded by

Tariq Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

NO TOPIC SLIDE NO TOPIC SLIDES

Grinding Introduction and Characteristics 8 Types of Grinding Wheel


1 3 11TO 12

Grinding Abrasive Grains Grinding Machine Guards


2 9
4 13
Grinding Abrasive Grains Size Grinding Machine Work Rests
3 10
5 14
Grinding Wheel Standard Grinding Machine wheel Dressing
4 11
6 TO 7 15
Grinding Wheel Grade
5
8
Grinding Grain spacing
6
9
Grinding Wheel Bond
7
10

Apprentice Training Center 1


Grinding Characteristics

 Abrasive Grains

 Grain Size

 Wheel Grade

 Grain Spacing

 Wheel bond

Apprentice Training Center 2


GRINDING WHEEL
A Grinding Wheel is basically a precision
tool composed of abrasive grains held
together by a bonding material or
‘bond’. The abrasive grains provide the
wheel with its cutting points, which in
turn help in cutting the material to the
required dimensional accuracy or help
impart a fine surface finish. needs and
provide for chip clearance.

3
Grinding Abrasive Grains

The actual abrasive, is selected according to the hardness of the material being cut.

Aluminum Oxide (A)

Silicon Carbide (S)

Ceramic (C)

Diamond (D, MD, SD)

Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN)

Apprentice Training Center 4


Grinding Abrasive Grains Size

Grain size
From 8 (coarsest) to 1200 (finest), determines the physical size of the abrasive grains in the wheel. A larger
grain will cut freely, allowing fast cutting but poor surface finish. Ultra-fine grain sizes are for precision finish
work.

Apprentice Training Center 5


GRAIN/GRIT

The grain size of the abrasive particle is an important parameter in


determining surface finish and
material removal rate. Small grit sizes produce better finishes while larger
grain sizes permit larger material removal rates.
Grain sizes used in grinding wheels typically range between 6 and 600.
Grit size 6 is very coarse and size
600 is very fine. Finer grit sizes up to 1000 are used in some finishing
operations.

6
Grain Microscopic View Grains Coarse and Fine

7
Grinding Wheel Standard

Coarse Medium Fine Very fine


8 30 80 220
10 36 100 240
12 46 120 380
14 54 150 320
16 60 180 400
20 500
24 600

Apprentice Training Center 8


Grinding Wheel Standard

Apprentice Training Center 9


Grinding Wheel Grade

Wheel grade
 from A (soft) to Z (hard), determines how tightly the bond holds the abrasive.

Grade affects almost all considerations of grinding, such as wheel speed, coolant flow, maximum and
minimum feed rates, and grinding depth.

 D to H > Soft

 I to P > Medium

 R to V > Hard

Apprentice Training Center 10


Grinding Grain Spacing

Grain spacing,
or structure, from 1 (densest) to 16 (least dense).
Density is the ratio of bond and abrasive to air space.
 A less-dense wheel will cut freely, and has a large effect on surface finish.
It is also able to take a deeper or wider cut with less coolant, as the chip clearance on the wheel is greater.

Apprentice Training Center 11


Grinding Wheel Bond

Wheel bond
How the wheel holds the abrasives, affects finish, coolant, and minimum/maximum wheel speed.
Vitrified (V)

Resinoid (B)

Silicate (S)

Shellac (E)

Rubber (R)

Metal (M)

Oxychloride (O)

Apprentice Training Center 12


Types of Grinding Wheel

 Straight Wheel
 Cylinder or Wheel Ring
 Tapered Wheel
 Straight Cup
 Dish Cup
 Saucer Wheel
 Diamond Wheel
 Mounted Points
 Cut Off Wheels

Apprentice Training Center 13


Types of Grinding Wheel

Apprentice Training Center 14


Grinding Machine Guards

 The maximum angular exposure of bench and floor stand grinding= 90°

 Wheel below the horizontal plane of the spindle= 125 °

 Cylindrical grinders= 180 °

 Surface Grinders= 150 °

 Portable Grinders= 180 °

Apprentice Training Center 15


Grinding Machine Work Rests

Stand and bench type Grinder

 Kept adjusted as close as possible to the wheel face


 The maximum opening of 3m.m.
Securely Clamped

Apprentice Training Center 16


Grinding Machine Dressing Wheel

 When the cutting action is reduced DRESSING of the wheel is necessary.

 DRESSING of the wheel should be done by proper dressing tool.

 Work rest must be correctly adjusted to give proper support to the tool.

 Hold the tool rigidly.

Apprentice Training Center 17


WHEEL DRESSING
 To maintain the sharpness of the diamond point, the dresser should be
rotated in the machine tool holder at an angle of 15 degree to 45
degree. Rotating the dresser before starting the machine for the day
enhances the life of the tool as well provides consistent performance.
 Dressing should be carried out at normal speeds with copious amount
of Metal working fluids.
 The dresser should not be quenched, if by accident it becomes
overheated. It should be allowed to cool naturally.
 Never use a worn out diamond tool as it may jam into the grinding
wheel and fracture or disintegrate.
 For best results, each machine should have its own dresser.
18
TYPES OF DRESSER

There are two types of dresser:

Single-point diamond dresser


The cluster dresser.

19
WHEEL DRESSING

20
Q&A
Thank You

Apprentice Training Center 21

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