Scribd
Upload
21 views31 pages

Chapter 3 - Norms and Statistics

This chapter discusses norms and basic statistics used for testing. It defines scales of measurement, measures of central tendency like mean and median, measures of variability like standard deviation and range, and how to calculate z-scores. Norms are created by comparing scores to performance by defined groups on tests and allow for tracking development. Descriptive statistics provide descriptions of data while inferential statistics make inferences about populations from samples.

Uploaded by

Jomar Sayaman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views31 pages

Chapter 3 - Norms and Statistics

This chapter discusses norms and basic statistics used for testing. It defines scales of measurement, measures of central tendency like mean and median, measures of variability like standard deviation and range, and how to calculate z-scores. Norms are created by comparing scores to performance by defined groups on tests and allow for tracking development. Descriptive statistics provide descriptions of data while inferential statistics make inferences about populations from samples.

Uploaded by

Jomar Sayaman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

CHAPTER 3

Norms and Basic Statistics for Testing


LEARNING OBJECTIVES
When you have completed this chapter, you should be able to:
• Discuss three properties of scales of measurement
• Determine why properties of scales are important in the field of measurement
• Identify methods for displaying distributions of scores
• Calculate the mean and the standard deviation for a set of scores
• Define a Z score and explain how it is used
• Relate the concepts of mean, standard deviation, and Z score to the concept of
a standard normal distribution
• Define quartiles, deciles, and stanines and explain how they are used
• Tell how norms are created
• Relate the notion of tracking to the establishment of norms
WHY WE NEED STATISTICS?

1. Statistics are used for purposes of


description
2. We can use statistics to make inferences,
which are logical deductions about events
that cannot be observed directly
Types

A. Descriptive statistics are methods used to provide


a concise description of a collection of
quantitative information.
B. Inferential statistics are methods used to make
inferences from observations of a small group of
people known as a sample to a larger group of
individuals known as a population.
Scales of measurement

• Measurement - is the act of assigning


numbers or symbols to characteristics of
things (people, events, whatever) according
to rules
Properties of scales:

1. Magnitude is the property of “moreness.”


2. Equal intervals the difference between two
points at any place on the scale has the same
meaning as the diff erence between two
other points that diff er by the same number
of scale units.
3. Absolute 0 is obtained when nothing of the
property being measured exists
Scales of Measurement:

A. Nominal scales are really not scales at all; their


only purpose is to name objects.
B. Ordinal scale allows to rank individuals or
objects
C. Interval scale has the properties of magnitude
and equal intervals but not absolute 0
D. Ratio scale has magnitude, equal intervals, and
an absolute 0
Frequency Distributions

• Frequency distribution displays scores on a


variable or a measure to reflect how
frequently each value was obtained
Percentile Ranks

• A percentile rank answers the question


“What percent of the scores fall below a
particular score (Xi)?”
• Formula:
Percentiles

• Percentiles are the specific scores or points within


a distribution
Measures of Central Tendency:

• A measure of central tendency is a statistic that


indicates the average or midmost score between
the extreme scores in a distribution.

Mean Median Mode


Mean
• is the arithmetic average score in a distribution
Median
• is the middle score in a distribution
Mode
• is the most frequently occurring score in a
distribution of scores
Measures of Variability:

• Statistics that describe the amount of


variation in a distribution
• Variability is an indication of how scores in a
distribution are scattered or dispersed.
Measures of Variability:

Range

Interquartile and semi-interquartile ranges

Average deviation

Standard Deviation

Skewness

Kurtosis
Interquartile and semi-interquartile ranges

• interquartile range is a measure of


variability equal to the difference
between Q3 and Q1 .
• Semi-interquartile range is a measure of
variability is equal to the interquartile
range divided by 2
Average deviation
Standard Deviation

• is an approximation of the average deviation


around the mean.
• It gives a useful approximation of how much a
typical score is above or below the average score.
• SD formula (population):
Skewness

• is the nature and extent to which symmetry is


absent
• A distribution has a positive skew when relatively
few of the scores fall at the high end of the
distribution
• A distribution has a negative skew when relatively
few of the scores fall at the low end of the
distribution
Kurtosis

• the steepness of a distribution in its center


The Normal Curve

• The normal curve is a bell-shaped, smooth,


mathematically defined curve that is highest
at its center
• The distribution of the normal curve ranges
from negative infinity to positive infinity
The Area under the Normal Curve

Characteristics of all normal distributions:


• 50% of the scores occur above the mean and 50% of the scores occur
below the mean.
• Approximately 34% of all scores occur between the mean and 1
standard deviation above the mean.
• Approximately 34% of all scores occur between the mean and 1
standard deviation below the mean.
• Approximately 68% of all scores occur between the mean and 1
standard deviation.
• Approximately 95% of all scores occur between the mean and 2
standard deviations.
Standard Scores

• A standard score is a raw score that has been


converted from one scale to another scale, where
the latter scale has some arbitrarily set mean and
standard deviation.
• Why convert raw scores to standard scores?
z Scores
• A z score results from the conversion of a raw score
into a number indicating how many standard
deviation units the raw score is below or above the
mean of the distribution
• z score Formula:
T Scores
• can be called a fifty plus or minus ten
• M=50 SD=10
• W. A. McCall
Quartiles and deciles
• Quartiles are points that divide the frequency
distribution into equal fourths.
• Deciles are similar to quartiles except that they use
points that mark 10% rather than 25% intervals.
• Stanine system is system converts any set of scores
into a transformed scale, which ranges from 1 to 9
NORMS

• Norms refer to the performances by defined groups on


particular tests.
• Age-Related Norms - diff erent normative groups for particular
age groups
• Tracking
Types:
A. Norm-referenced test compares each person with a norm
B. Criterion-referenced test describes the specific types of skills,
tasks, or knowledge that the test taker can demonstrate

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy