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Current Mirrors

The document discusses current mirrors, which are circuits used in integrated circuits to replicate a reference current (IREF) at various locations for biasing amplifier stages. Current mirrors work by using two transistors, where the drain current of one transistor (Q1) sets the reference current, and that current is then mirrored or replicated by the second transistor (Q2) to produce an output current (IO) that is proportional to IREF. This allows a single reference current to be distributed without needing to regenerate it for each amplifier stage, and helps bias currents track changes in temperature or voltage.

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Raj Kumar Vattikolla
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18 views26 pages

Current Mirrors

The document discusses current mirrors, which are circuits used in integrated circuits to replicate a reference current (IREF) at various locations for biasing amplifier stages. Current mirrors work by using two transistors, where the drain current of one transistor (Q1) sets the reference current, and that current is then mirrored or replicated by the second transistor (Q2) to produce an output current (IO) that is proportional to IREF. This allows a single reference current to be distributed without needing to regenerate it for each amplifier stage, and helps bias currents track changes in temperature or voltage.

Uploaded by

Raj Kumar Vattikolla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Current Mirrors

Why Current Mirror?


• Biasing in integrated-circuit design is based on the use of
constant-current sources. On an IC chip with a number of
amplifier stages, a constant dc current (called a reference
current) is generated at one location and is then replicated
at various other locations for biasing the various amplifier
stages through a process known as current steering.
• Generating a predictable and stable reference current,
usually utilizing a precision resistor external to the chip or
a special circuit on the chip, need not be repeated for every
amplifier stage.
• Bias currents of the various stages track each other in case
of changes in power-supply voltage or in temperature.
Basic MOSFET Current Source
By Neglecting channel-length modulation

The drain current of Q1 is supplied by


through resistor R, which in most cases
would be outside the IC chip. Since the
gate currents are zero,
Current Mirror

The relationship between IO and IREF and is


solely determined by the geometries of the
transistors. In the special case of identical
transistors, IO = IREF and the circuit simply
replicates or mirrors the reference current in
the output terminal. This has given the circuit
composed of Q1 and Q2 the name current
mirror, a name that is used irrespective of the
ratio of device dimensions.
Effect of Vo on Io
MOS Current-Steering Circuits
Cascode MOS Mirrors
The Differential Amplifier with Active
Load
Determining the Output Resistance Ro
Determining the Differential Gain
Common-Mode Gain and CMRR

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