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Topology

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29 views13 pages

Topology

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hadirehman488
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Network Topologies

• Network topology is the physical and logical layout of the network.


Types of topology NOTE
Physical Layout is the actual
 Bus Topology layout of the computer cables
and other network devices.
 Ring Topology Logical Layout is the way in
 Star Topology which the network appears to
the devices that use it i.e.
 Mesh Topology how data is transmitted
between nodes.
 Tree Topology
 Hybrid Topology
Bus Topology/ Linear Topology
• Bus topology is multipoint (link b/w sender and multiple receivers)
connection.
• All devices or nodes are connected to a common cable typically coaxial
cable called backbone or trunk.
• In the bus topology, medium is shared between devices that’s why creates
collision.
• System connect to this backbone using T-connectors or taps(Tap is the
splitter that cut the main link).
Bus Topology (cont…)
Working of bus topology:
 When a device sends a message, it is broadcast down on the cable in both
directions.
 Terminators at the end of the cable prevent the signal from reflecting back to
the sender.
 All devices on the cable constantly monitor for messages meant to them. When
a device detects a message meant for it, it reads the message from the cable
and other devices will ignore it.
 Since all the devices are sharing the same cable, some form of control is needed
to make sure which device will transmit when, otherwise there will be a
collision.
Advantages:
 Ease of installation.
 Less cabling.
 Bus topology costs very less.
 It is best suited for small networks.

Dis advantages:
 Entire network shut down if there is a break in the main cable.
 Network goes down at the time of adding or removing the system.
 It is difficult to detect and troubleshoot.
 Not suitable for networks with heavy traffic.
 The cable length is limited. This limits the number of workstations that can be
connected.
 Proper termination is required to dump the signals. Use of terminators is
must.
Star Topology
• In a star topology, all the nodes (server, workstations , and
peripherals) on the network are connected directly to a central
device called hub, switch or router.
• Each node is connected with its own cable to a port on the hub.
• Data on the start topology passes through the hub, switch or
router before continuing to its destination.
Star Topology
Advantages
• Easy to locate problems (cable/workstations)
• Easier to expand than a bus or ring topology.
• Easy to install and wire.
• Failure to one node or link doesn’t affect the rest of network.
Disadvantages
• Requires more cable length than a linear topology.
• If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled.
• More expensive because of the cost of the concentrators(hubs, switch
etc.).
Ring Topology
• In a ring topology, every node is logically connected to two other preceding and
succeeding nodes, forming a ring.
• Traffic flows through entire ring until reaches its destination.
• All messages or data packets travel through a ring in a single direction.
• In this topology, each device acts as a repeater, i.e. regenerates and retransmits
the signal or packets they receive.
• To implement a ring network, it could use the Token Ring Technology i.e. A token
or a small data packet, is continuously passed around the network, and when a
device needs to transmit, it reserves the Token for next trip, then attaches its
data packet to it.
Ring Topology
Advantages
• Easier to manage than a Bus Network
• Handles high volume of traffic
• Each computer has equal access to resources.
• No collisions.
Disadvantages
• Each packet of data must pass through all the computers between source and
destination. This makes it slower than star topology.
• The failure of a single node of the network can cause the entire network to fail.
• Troubleshooting is difficult.
• Adding or removing computers from this type of topology can disrupt the
operation of the network.
Mesh Topology
• In mesh topology, each node is connected to every other node in the network i.e.
nodes are interconnected with one another.
• In this type of network, each node may send messages or data packets to
destination through multiple paths.
• While the data is travelling on the Mesh network, it automatically configured to
reach the destination by taking the shortest route which means the least
number of hops.
• There are two types of Mesh topology.
– Partial or Half Mesh Topology (some of the nodes or devices are connected to only those with
whom they exchange most of the data)
– Full Mesh Topology (All devices are connected to each other)
• The Formula given below to find the total number
Of physical connections in Mesh Topology.
n(n-1)/2 where “n” is total no of nodes.
Note: Hop is one portion of the path between
source and destination
Mesh Topology
Advantages
• No traffic problem as there are dedicated links.
• It has multiple links, so if one route is blocked then other routes can be used for
data communication.
• Expansion and modification in topology can be done without disrupting other
nodes.
Disadvantages
• There is mesh of wiring which can be difficult to manage.
• Installation is complex as each node is connected to every node.
• Cabling cost is high
Tree Topology or Expanded Star
• Tree topology combines the characteristics of Linear bus and star topology.
• It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus
backbone cable.
• Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network, and enable
schools to configure a network to meet their needs.
Hybrid Topology
• Hybrid topology is the combination of two or more different topologies to form
a resultant topology.
Hybrid Topology
Advantages:
• Reliable
• Fault detection and troubleshooting is easy
• Scalable
Disadvantages:
• Complexity of design
• Costly Hub
• Costly infrastructure

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