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Intro To Ethics

The document discusses the topic of ethics, including defining ethics, examining its origin and meaning, and investigating important ethical concepts such as morality, human acts, reason, right, conscience, and the essential elements and modifiers of human acts.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views49 pages

Intro To Ethics

The document discusses the topic of ethics, including defining ethics, examining its origin and meaning, and investigating important ethical concepts such as morality, human acts, reason, right, conscience, and the essential elements and modifiers of human acts.

Uploaded by

macumagun
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ETHICS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
After the Lesson, the studentOrigin
is expected to:
Other
Ethics
1. Understand &
ethical concepts; Sciences
Meaning
2. Demonstrate ethical skills Essential
that will strengthen ethical
Fundamen
Importanc elements
tal
sensitivity, awareness, and judgement;
e of human
concepts
acts
3. Apply knowledge of ethical concepts in life situation.
Modifiers
of human
acts
• Is there a right and wrong way of living?
• Is there a pattern, a model, an ideal of the good life?
• If so, where can one find it?
• What is the good life for man?
Ethics

Examine: Investigate:
• Actions • Meaning
• Problems • Purpose of
•Experience human life
•Aspirations
• Destiny
“The unexamined life is “Ethics is the supreme science”
not worth living.” “The apex in the hierarchy of
- Socrates human values.”
- Plato
“Ultimately concerned with the
attainment of life’s greatest
good and goal - HAPPINESS.”
- Plato
ORIGIN AND MEANING
• Ethos (Greek) – The fundamental character and spirit of
a culture and custom.
• Custom is mos, pl. mores (Latin)
• Mores is the equivalent of Ethos
• From Mores, we derive the terms amoral and morality
• Ethics is also called Moral philosophy
What is Ethics?
• The scientific inquiry into the principles of
morality.

• A branch of Philosophy dealing with actions


and values relating to human conduct.
(rightness or wrongness of actions, goodness and
badness of motives and ends of such actions.)
ETHICS & OTHER SCIENCES
Ethics Logic

• Right living • Right thinking

“To think right, is to do right.”


Ethics Psychology

• Human act • Human behavior

Study of man
Ethics Sociology

• Moral order • Human relations


in society.

• Proper conduct.
• Observing moral laws
& principles.
Ethics Law

• Established by constituted
• Morality
authorities.

• Rule of conduct are interpretations


& products of natural moral law.
Ethics Education

• Develop man’s moral, intellectual, physical attributes.


• Develop man’s powers (Intelligence, reason, will).

• Whole human person


THE IMPORTANCE OF
THE STUDY OF ETHICS
1. Helps every student to know the meaning and internalize
ethical or moral principles.
2. Students should understand and uphold moral standards.
3. Seeks to inculcate among men the true values of living a
good life.
4. Guide students to commit in right living and pursue the
development of good moral character.
ETHICS AND FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS
Morality

• The quality of goodness or badness in a human act.

 Humans pass judgment on the morality of human actions.


“What he did was wrong.” “What he did was right.”
“His behavior was rude.” “She is not morally justified in
doing such an act.”
Human acts

• An act which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man.

 Human acts are proper to man because She/he is a


rational being and responsible for his/her acts.
Reason

• The power to evaluate various ethical theories.

• The faculty to judge the moral value of the actions &


theories.

“The good life is the life of reason.”


Reason

How do we know when reason is right?


Right

• That which squares with the norms of morality


(morally good).

• The moral power to do, omit, hold or exact something.

• Limited by duty (the moral necessity to do or omit


something.)
Right

• Three components: Subject, Term, Title.

• Subject – The one possessing the right.


• Term – The one bound to respect the right.
• Title – The reason why this person has a right to these
things.
Right

• Generally considered what is just.

• Natural rights are deduced from natural law. Natural


law imposes obligations on man who must have
moral power to fulfill them and prevent others from
interfering with this fulfillment.
Right versus Might

• All human beings have moral obligations.

• Rights are our moral safeguards against abuse of might.

• Rights concerning external matters due in justice imply


the right to use might in their defense or recovery.
Conscience

• The sense of what is right or wrong in one’s conduct or


motives impelling one toward right action.
Conscience

• The intellect as the ability to form judgments about right


and wrong of individual acts.

• The process of reasoning that the intellect goes through


to reach such judgment.
Conscience

• The judgment itself, which is the conclusion of this


reasoning process.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF
HUMAN ACTS
1. Knowledge
2. Freedom
3. Voluntariness
Knowledge

• A human act proceeds from the deliberate


will.

• Every human act requires deliberation.

• Deliberation – Advertence or knowledge in


intellect of what an act is about and what
this means.
Will

• Blind faculty

• It cannot choose unless it sees to choose and


the light, the power to see, is afforded by the
intellectual knowledge.
Freedom

• An act determined (elicited or commanded)


by the will.

• The ability of man to act in accordance with


his/her will, not bound by restrictions or
compulsions so that he/she can choose from
the alternatives that are available to satisfy
his/her preference and initiate an action to
accomplish his desired goal.
Voluntariness

• A human act must be voluntary (will-act).

• The formal essential quality of the human act.

• An act becomes a will-act if there is knowledge


and freedom.
THE MODIFIERS OF HUMAN
ACTS
1. Ignorance
2. Concupiscence (Passion)
3. Fear
4. Violence
5. Habit
Ignorance

• The absence of intellectual knowledge in man.


A young freshman who committed ten consecutive absences
in a month, not knowing that his action is a violation of the
university rules.

Ignorance of law is ignorance of existence of a duty, rule


or regulation.
A motorist who knows the speed limit when driving, but,
unknowingly, violates it because of an inaccurate
speedometer.

Ignorance of fact is ignorance of the nature or circumstances


of an act as forbidden.
Will Ignorance excuse a person from
the unforseen consequences?

Ignorance neither lessens nor destroys


the responsibility.
Concupiscence (Passion)

• Affects the voluntariness of an action.


A man kills another due to intense anger.

The consequences of concupiscence neither lessens


nor destroy the responsibility.
Fear

• The shrinking back of the mind from danger.

• The agitation of the mind brought about by the


apprehension of impending evil, which may or
may not exist.
A girl did not tell the truth because she was afraid
to be embarrassed in front of her barkadas.

The consequences of fear neither lessens nor destroy


the responsibility.
Violence

• An external force applied by a free cause.

• It cannot reach the will directly. It may force bodily


action, but, the will is not controlled by the body.
Habit

• A disposition according to which is disposed as either


well or ill-disposed, and either in itself or with reference
to something else (Thomas Aquinas).
Habit

• They are destroyed either by disuse or by contrary acts.

• A quality difficult to change.

• Good moral habits are virtues; Morally evil habits are


vices.
References:
Adrales, Venancio B. Introductory text to Philosophy.
Makati: Best Books, Inc., 1987.
Angeles, Peter A. Dictionary of Philosophy. New York:
Harper and Row, Publishers, 1981
Avey, Alber E. Handbook in History of Philosophy. New
York: Barns and Noble, Inc., 1968
Black, Max. Critical Thinking. 2nd ed. New York: Prentice-
Hall, 1955
Beck, Lewis W. Eighteenth Century Philosophy. New York:
The Free Press, 1966.

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