CAP101 – Basics of Computing

By

Dr.S.Arunkumar
Asst.Professor
SASTRA UNIVERSITY

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 TEXT BOOK
Introduction to Computer Science,
ITL Education Solutions Ltd., Pearson
Education-2006.

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 UNIT – I

COMPUER BASICS

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Outline
 Definition
 Characteristics
 Evolution of Computers
 Generation of Computers
 Classification of Computers
 Parts of computers
 Application of Computers

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 COMPUTER

⮚ Computer is an electronic device,

⮚ that accepts data from the user,
⮚ processes the data by performing calculations and
operations on it,
⮚ and generates the desired output results
⮚ used to store the data,
⮚ gives results quickly and accurately.

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• Data : raw material of information.
• Information : Proper collection of the data is called
information.
Characteristics of Computer
• SPEED : It performs millions of operation p/s.
• ACCURACY : it gives result with accurately.
• STORAGE : Computer can store mass storage of
data with appropriate format.
• DILIGENCE : Computer can work for hours without
any break and creating error.
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• VERSATILITY : perform different type of work at the
same time.
• POWER OF REMEMBERING : It can remember data
for us.
• NO IQ : Computer does not work without
instruction.
• NO FEELING : Computer does not have emotions,
knowledge, experience, feeling.

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 Evolution of computers
1. Abacus
⮚ Used by people in Minor Asia 5000 years ago.
⮚ Counting Device called abacus.
⮚ Make a calculation using system of
sliding beads arranged on a rack.
2. Pascaline
⮚ Year 1642.
⮚ Invented by French Mathematician Blaise Pascal
⮚ Rectangular box is called Pascaline.
⮚ 8 movable dials to add sum up to eight figures.

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3. Leibniz’s Multiplication and Dividing Machine
1. Mechanical device that could both multiply and
divide.
2. The German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried
Leibniz built it around 1673

4. Difference Engine
Year: 1822
3.Invented by English Mathematician charles Babbage
4.Designed to perform differential equation.
5.Stored program and print result automatically.
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5. Analytical engine
Year: 1833
Invented by Charles babbage.
1. Input devices in the form perforated cards.
2. Stores memory of 1000 numbers upto 50 decimal digits
each.
3. Print results
6. ENIAC
ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND CALCULATOR
Year: 1946
Invented by John Eckert and John Mouchly
Vacuum tubes.
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7. EDVAC
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Year: 1944
1.First EC and Stored program concept
2.Computer could stop and resume at any time.
8. EDSAC
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
Year: 1949
Invented by Maurice wilkes in cambridge university

Mercury delay line for memory and vacuum tubes for

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1950 – UNIVAC Universal Automatic computer
1960 – LARC Live more Advanced Research Computer
Access time less than 1, Total capacity 100,000,000
words.
1980 – VLSI Very large scale integration.
Hundreds of thousands of components on a single
chip.
Late 1980 – Microprocessor

1990 – Pcs’ become a part of everyday life.

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 GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
I Generation
1940-1956– Vacuum Tubes
II Generation
1956 – 1963 Transistors
III Generation
1964 – 1971 Integrated Circuits
IV Generation
1971 – Till date - Microprocessors
V Generation
Present and Beyond – Artificial Intelligence & Expert
System

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 First generation - Vacuum Tubes

⮚Vacuum Tube based Machines

⮚ Vacuum tubes for circuit and

magnetic drums for memory

⮚Input was based on punched cards

and paper tape, Output was in the form of
printout.

⮚ Used machine language

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⚫ Magnetic drum is a metal cylinder coated
with magnetic iron-oxide.
⚫ Ex – ENIAC, EDVAC,UNIAC

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 Characteristics of First generation
1. Very large size
2. Required lot of space for installation
3. 1000’s of vacuum tubes were used
4. It generated large amount of heat.
5. They lack in versatility and speed.
6. Used Large amount of electricity
7. Process in low level language.

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 II Generation – Transistors

⮚ Computer built from transistors

⮚Transistor is made up of
semiconductor material like
germanium and silicon

⮚Transistor is small device, so the

size of the computer was reduced.

⮚ Magnetic core- Primary memory

⮚ Magnetic disk – Secondary memory

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⮚Used Assembly language instead of
machine language
⮚Ex – IBM 1401, IBM7090

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 Characteristics of Second generation

1. More reliable
2. Wider commercial use
3. Better speed and calculate in microseconds.
4. Computer still required air-conditioning.
5. Assembly language program concept
6. It produced less amount of heat.

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 III Generation – Integrated Circuits

⮚Computer used integrated circuit

technology.

⮚IC – consist of single chip with

many components transistor &
resistors.

⮚Ex – NCR395.

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 Characteristics of Third generation

1. It reduced time from microseconds to nanoseconds

2. The size of the computer was smaller as compared

previous computer

3. Maintenance cost was low.

4. User interacted with keyboard and monitors.

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 IV Generation - Microprocessor
LSI & VLSI Technology
LSI – 1000’s of transistors to be
constructed on one small slice
of silicon material

VLSI – 100s of thousands of

components on a single chip

ULSI – Ultra Large scale Integration

(millions)
Example – Apple II

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 Characteristics of Fourth generation
1. Microprocessor based system
2. Computers are very small
3. Cheapest
4. Portable & quite reliable
5. Production cost is low
6. GUI & Pointing devices

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 V Generation – Present & Beyond
⮚Game Playing
 parallel processing hardware
 Artificial Intelligence
 Development of expert systems to make decisions in real-life
situations.
 Natural language understanding and generation

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 Characteristics of 5th Generation
1. Mega chips
5th Generation use SLSI (Super large scale
Integrated chip)
Millions of electronic components on a single chip
2. Parallel processing
Computer access several instructions at once & work on
them at the same time through use of multiple CPU.
3 Artificial Intelligence
Speech Recognition
Vision Recognition
NLP – Natural Language Processing

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CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

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 Analog Computers -A computing machine that
operates on data in the form of continu ously variable
physical quantities is known as analog computer. These
computers do not deal directly with the numbers.

Digital Computers -A computer that operates with

information, numerical or otherwise, represented in a
digital form is known as digital computer.

Hybrid Computers –A computer incorporated the

measuring feature of an analog computer and counting
feature of a digital computer

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• Micro Computers A micro computer is a small, low-
cost digital computer, which usu ally consists of a
microprocessor, a storage unit, an input channel and
an output channel.
Microcomputer was a commonly used term for
personal computers.

• A minicomputer is a type of computer that

possesses most of the features and capabilities of a
large computer but is smaller in physical size. A
minicomputer fills the space between the mainframe
and microcomputer.

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• Mainframes A mainframe
is an ultra high-
performance computer
made for high-volume,
processor-intensive
computing.
• Super computers are the
special-purpose machines,
which are specially
designed to maximize the
numbers of FLOPS
(floating point operation
per second)
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• General purpose computer is a computer that is
designed to be able to carry out many different
tasks.
Desktop computers and laptops are examples of
general purpose computers.

• Special-Purpose Computer are designed to be

task specific and most of the times their job is to
solve one particular problem.
They are also known as dedicated computers,
because they are dedicated to perfom a single task over
and over again.

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 Parts of Computer

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• Hardware consists of the mechanical parts that make
up the computer as a machine. e.g., Keyboard,
monitor, hard disk drive, floppy disk drive, printer,
processor and motherboard.
• Software is a set of instructions that tells the
computer about the tasks to be performed and how
these tasks are to be performed.
• Data are isolated values or raw facts, which by
themselves have no much significance. For example,
the data like 29, January.
• Users are people who write computer programs or
interact with the computer.

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• The computer system hardware comprises of three
main components —
1. Input/Output (I/O) Unit,
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU), and
3. Memory Unit.

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• ∙ Input/Output Unit The user interacts with the
computer via the I/O unit. The Input unit accepts data
from the user and the Output unit provides the
processed data i.e. the information to the user.
• Central Processing Unit CPU controls, coordinates
and supervises the operations of the computer. It is
responsible for processing of the input data. CPU
consists of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Control
Unit (CU).
• Memory Unit Memory unit stores the data,
instructions, intermediate results and output. There
two types of memory , main memory, Secondary
memory.
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 APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS

• Education
• Entertainment
• Sports
• Advertizing
• Medicine
• Govt & home
• Science & technology

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 Types of Number Systems

• Based on the base value and the number of allowed digits,

number systems are of many types. The four common types
of Number System are:

• Decimal Number System

• Binary Number System
• Octal Number System
• Hexadecimal Number System

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• Decimal Number System
• Number system with base value 10 .
• It uses 10 digits i.e. 0-9 for the creation of numbers.
• Here, first digit has the place value as 100, second
digit has the place value as 101 third digit as 102,
fourth as 103, and so on.
• Binary Number System
• Number System with base value 2.
• It uses 2 digits i.e. 0 and 1
• Here, first digit has the place value as 20, second
digit has the place value as 21 third digit as 22, fourth
as 23, and so on.

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• Octal Number System
• Octal Number System has the base value is 8.
• It uses 8 digits i.e. 0-7 for creation of Octal Numbers..
Here the place values are 80, 81, and 82.
• Hexadecimal Number System
• Number System with base value 16.
• It uses 16 digits for the creation of its numbers.
• Digits from 0-9 are taken like the digits in the decimal
number system but the digits from 10-15
are represented as A-F i.e. 10 is represented as A, 11
as B, 12 as C, 13 as D, 14 as E, and 15 as F.
• Here the place values are 160, 161, 162 and so on.

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 Binary codes

• In current technology binary number system is used

by the computer system to represent data in the
computer understandable format.
• numeric data is not the only form of data which is
handled by the computer, alphabetical data and some
special characters are also required to be processed
by the computer.
• Following are the most widely used binary codes,
1. Binary Coded Decimal(BCD)
2. American Standard Code for Information Interchange
(ASCII).
3. Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
(EBCDIC)
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• Binary coded decimal is a method of using binary
digits to represent decimal digits 0 to 9.

• A decimal digit is represented by 4 binary digits.

• The BCD coding is a binary equivalent of the decimal

digit.

• BCD system was developed by the IBM.

• In BCD system, each digit of a number is converted

into its binary equivalent rather than converting the
entire decimal number to its binary form.
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• ASCII abbreviated from American Standard Code for
Information Interchange, is a character encoding
standard for electronic communication.

• Originally It was an seven-bit character encoding

system. Now It is an eight-bit character encoding
system.

• ASCII codes represent text in computers,

telecommunications equipment, and other devices.
Most modern character-encoding schemes are based
on ASCII, although they support many additional
characters.
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• Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
(EBCDIC)
• It is an eight-bit character encoding used mainly on
IBM mainframe and IBM midrange computer
operating systems.

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 Basic logic gates

x
• Not x

x xy x xyz
y
• And y z
x x+y x x+y+z
y
• Or y z

x xy
• Nand y
x x+y
• Nor y
x xÅy
• Xor y
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 Review of Boolean algebra
• Not is a horizontal bar above the number
_
– 0=1
_
– 1=0
• Or is a plus
– 0+0 = 0
– 0+1 = 1
– 1+0 = 1
– 1+1 = 1
• And is multiplication
– 0*0 = 0
– 0*1 = 0
– 1*0 = 0
– 1*1 = 1

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 Review of Boolean algebra
___
• Example: translate (x+y+z)(xyz) to a Boolean logic
expression
– (xyz)(xyz)

• We can define a Boolean function:

– F(x,y) = (xy)(xy)
x y F(x,y)
• And then write a “truth table” for it:
1 1 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0

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 Converting between circuits and equations

• Find the output of the following circuit

x x+y
y (x+y)y

y y

__

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 Converting between circuits and equations

• Find the output of the following circuit

x
x xy xy
y
y
___
__

• Answer: xy
– Or (xy) ≡ xy
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 Converting between circuits and
equations
• Write the circuits for the following Boolean algebraic
expressions
__

a) x+y

x
x x+y

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 Converting between circuits and
equations

• Write the circuits for the following Boolean algebraic

expressions
_______

b) (x+y)x

x x+y
x+y (x+y)x
y

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