Chapter 2

Data and Expressions

Java Software Solutions

Foundations of Program Design
9th Edition

John Lewis
William Loftus

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Data and Expressions
• Let's explore some other fundamental programming
concepts
• Chapter 2 focuses on:
– character strings
– primitive data
– the declaration and use of variables
– expressions and operator precedence
– data conversions
– accepting input from the user

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Outline
Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Character Strings
• A string literal is represented by putting double
quotes around the text
• Examples:
"This is a string literal."
"123 Main Street"
"X"
• Every character string is an object in Java, defined
by the String class
• Every string literal represents a String object

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The println Method
• In the Lincoln program from Chapter 1, we
invoked the println method to print a character
string
• The System.out object represents a destination
(the monitor screen) to which we can send output

System.out.println("Whatever you are, be a good one.");

object method
information provided to the method
name
(parameters)

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The print Method
• The System.out object provides another service
as well
• The print method is similar to the println
method, except that it does not advance to the
next line
• Therefore anything printed after a print
statement will appear on the same line
• See Countdown.java

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//********************************************************************
// Countdown.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the difference between print and println.
//********************************************************************

public class Countdown

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints two lines of output representing a rocket countdown.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.print("Three... ");
System.out.print("Two... ");
System.out.print("One... ");
System.out.print("Zero... ");
System.out.println("Liftoff!"); // appears on first output line
System.out.println("Houston, we have a problem.");
}
}

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 Output
//********************************************************************
// Countdown.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
// Three... Two... One... Zero... Liftoff!
Houston,
// Demonstrates the we have abetween
difference problem.
print and println.
//********************************************************************

public class Countdown

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints two lines of output representing a rocket countdown.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.print("Three... ");
System.out.print("Two... ");
System.out.print("One... ");
System.out.print("Zero... ");
System.out.println("Liftoff!"); // appears on first output line
System.out.println("Houston, we have a problem.");
}
}

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String Concatenation
• The string concatenation operator (+) is used to
append one string to the end of another
"Peanut butter " + "and jelly"
• It can also be used to append a number to a string
• A string literal cannot be broken across two lines in
a program
• See Facts.java

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// Facts.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of the string concatenation operator and the
// automatic conversion of an integer to a string.
//********************************************************************

public class Facts

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints various facts.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Strings can be concatenated into one long string
System.out.println("We present the following facts for your "
+ "extracurricular edification:");

System.out.println();

// A string can contain numeric digits

System.out.println("Letters in the Hawaiian alphabet: 12");

continue

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continue

// A numeric value can be concatenated to a string

System.out.println("Dialing code for Antarctica: " + 672);

System.out.println("Year in which Leonardo da Vinci invented "

+ "the parachute: " + 1515);

System.out.println("Speed of ketchup: " + 40 + " km per year");

}
}

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 Output
continue
We present the following facts for your extracurricular edification:
// A numeric value can be concatenated to a string
Letters in the Hawaiian alphabet:code
System.out.println("Dialing 12 for Antarctica: " + 672);
Dialing code for Antarctica: 672
Year System.out.println("Year
in which Leonardo da Vinci
in invented the parachute:
which Leonardo da Vinci 1515
invented "
Speed of ketchup: 40 km per year
+ "the parachute: " + 1515);

System.out.println("Speed of ketchup: " + 40 + " km per year");

}
}

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String Concatenation
• The + operator is also used for arithmetic addition
• The function that it performs depends on the type of the
information on which it operates
• If both operands are strings, or if one is a string and one is
a number, it performs string concatenation
• If both operands are numeric, it adds them
• The + operator is evaluated left to right, but parentheses
can be used to force the order
• See Addition.java

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//********************************************************************
// Addition.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the difference between the addition and string
// concatenation operators.
//********************************************************************

public class Addition

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Concatenates and adds two numbers and prints the results.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("24 and 45 concatenated: " + 24 + 45);

System.out.println("24 and 45 added: " + (24 + 45));

}
}

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 Output
//********************************************************************
// Addition.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
// 24 and 45 concatenated: 2445
// Demonstrates24the
and 45 added:
difference between69
the addition and string
// concatenation operators.
//********************************************************************

public class Addition

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Concatenates and adds two numbers and prints the results.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("24 and 45 concatenated: " + 24 + 45);

System.out.println("24 and 45 added: " + (24 + 45));

}
}

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Quick Check
What output is produced by the following?

System.out.println("X: " + 25);

System.out.println("Y: " + (15 + 50));
System.out.println("Z: " + 300 + 50);

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Quick Check
What output is produced by the following?

System.out.println("X: " + 25);

System.out.println("Y: " + (15 + 50));
System.out.println("Z: " + 300 + 50);

X: 25
Y: 65
Z: 30050

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Escape Sequences
• What if we wanted to print the quote character?
• The following line would confuse the compiler because it
would interpret the second quote as the end of the string
System.out.println("I said "Hello" to you.");

• An escape sequence is a series of characters that

represents a special character
• An escape sequence begins with a backslash character (\)
System.out.println("I said \"Hello\" to you.");

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Escape Sequences
• Some Java escape sequences:
Escape Sequence Meaning
\b backspace
\t tab
\n newline
\r carriage return
\" double quote
\' single quote
\\ backslash

• See Roses.java

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//********************************************************************
// Roses.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of escape sequences.
//********************************************************************

public class Roses

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints a poem (of sorts) on multiple lines.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Roses are red,\n\tViolets are blue,\n" +
"Sugar is sweet,\n\tBut I have \"commitment issues\",\n\t" +
"So I'd rather just be friends\n\tAt this point in our " +
"relationship.");
}
}

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 Output
//********************************************************************
Roses areAuthor:
// Roses.java red, Lewis/Loftus
//
Violets are blue,
// Demonstrates the use of escape sequences.
Sugar is sweet,
//********************************************************************
But I have "commitment issues",
public class Roses
{ So I'd rather just be friends
At this point in our relationship.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints a poem (of sorts) on multiple lines.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Roses are red,\n\tViolets are blue,\n" +
"Sugar is sweet,\n\tBut I have \"commitment issues\",\n\t" +
"So I'd rather just be friends\n\tAt this point in our " +
"relationship.");
}
}

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Quick Check
Write a single println statement that produces the
following output:
"Thank you all for coming to my home
tonight," he said mysteriously.

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Quick Check
Write a single println statement that produces the
following output:
"Thank you all for coming to my home
tonight," he said mysteriously.

System.out.println("\"Thank you all for " +

"coming to my home\ntonight,\" he said " +
"mysteriously.");

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Outline
Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs

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Variables
• A variable is a name for a location in memory that
holds a value
• A variable declaration specifies the variable's name
and the type of information that it will hold

data type variable name

int total;
int count, temp, result;

Multiple variables can be created in one declaration

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Variable Initialization
• A variable can be given an initial value in the
declaration
int sum = 0;
int base = 32, max = 149;

• When a variable is referenced in a program, its

current value is used
• See PianoKeys.java

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//********************************************************************
// PianoKeys.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the declaration, initialization, and use of an
// integer variable.
//********************************************************************

public class PianoKeys

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints the number of keys on a piano.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int keys = 88;
System.out.println("A piano has " + keys + " keys.");
}
}

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 Output
//********************************************************************
// PianoKeys.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
A piano has 88 keys.
// Demonstrates the declaration, initialization, and use of an
// integer variable.
//********************************************************************

public class PianoKeys

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints the number of keys on a piano.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int keys = 88;
System.out.println("A piano has " + keys + " keys.");
}
}

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Assignment
• An assignment statement changes the value of a
variable
• The assignment operator is the = sign

total = 55;

• The value that was in total is overwritten

• You can only assign a value to a variable that is
consistent with the variable's declared type
• See Geometry.java

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//********************************************************************
// Geometry.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of an assignment statement to change the
// value stored in a variable.
//********************************************************************

public class Geometry

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints the number of sides of several geometric shapes.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int sides = 7; // declaration with initialization
System.out.println("A heptagon has " + sides + " sides.");

sides = 10; // assignment statement

System.out.println("A decagon has " + sides + " sides.");

sides = 12;
System.out.println("A dodecagon has " + sides + " sides.");
}
}

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 Output
//********************************************************************
// Geometry.java A heptagon has 7 sides.
Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
A decagon has 10 sides.
// Demonstrates the use of an assignment statement to change the
a dodecagon
// value stored in a variable. has 12 sides.
//********************************************************************

public class Geometry

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints the number of sides of several geometric shapes.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int sides = 7; // declaration with initialization
System.out.println("A heptagon has " + sides + " sides.");

sides = 10; // assignment statement

System.out.println("A decagon has " + sides + " sides.");

sides = 12;
System.out.println("A dodecagon has " + sides + " sides.");
}
}

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Constants
• A constant is an identifier that is similar to a
variable except that it holds the same value during
its entire existence
• As the name implies, it is constant, not variable
• The compiler will issue an error if you try to change
the value of a constant
• In Java, we use the final modifier to declare a
constant
final int MIN_HEIGHT = 69;

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Constants
• Constants are useful for three important reasons
• First, they give meaning to otherwise unclear literal
values
– Example: MAX_LOAD means more than the literal 250

• Second, they facilitate program maintenance

– If a constant is used in multiple places, its value need
only be set in one place
• Third, they formally establish that a value should
not change, avoiding inadvertent errors by other
programmers
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Outline
Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs

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Primitive Data
• There are eight primitive data types in Java
• Four of them represent integers:
– byte, short, int, long

• Two of them represent floating point numbers:

– float, double

• One of them represents characters:

– char

• And one of them represents boolean values:

– boolean

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Numeric Primitive Data
• The difference between the numeric primitive types
is their size and the values they can store:

Type Storage Min Value Max Value

byte 8 bits -128 127

short 16 bits -32,768 32,767
int 32 bits -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
long 64 bits < -9 x 1018 > 9 x 1018

float 32 bits +/- 3.4 x 1038 with 7 significant digits

double 64 bits +/- 1.7 x 10308 with 15 significant digits

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Characters
• A char variable stores a single character
• Character literals are delimited by single quotes:
'a' 'X' '7' '$' ',' '\n'
• Example declarations:
char topGrade = 'A';
char terminator = ';', separator = ' ';

• Note the difference between a primitive character

variable, which holds only one character, and a
String object, which can hold multiple characters

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Character Sets
• A character set is an ordered list of characters,
with each character corresponding to a unique
number
• A char variable in Java can store any character
from the Unicode character set
• The Unicode character set uses sixteen bits per
character, allowing for 65,536 unique characters
• It is an international character set, containing
symbols and characters from many world
languages

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Characters
• The ASCII character set is older and smaller than
Unicode, but is still quite popular
• The ASCII characters are a subset of the Unicode
character set, including:
uppercase letters A, B, C, …
lowercase letters a, b, c, …
punctuation period, semi-colon, …
digits 0, 1, 2, …
special symbols &, |, \, …
control characters carriage return, tab, ...

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Boolean
• A boolean value represents a true or false
condition
• The reserved words true and false are the
only valid values for a boolean type
boolean done = false;

• A boolean variable can also be used to represent

any two states, such as a light bulb being on or off

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Outline
Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs

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Expressions
• An expression is a combination of one or more
operators and operands
• Arithmetic expressions compute numeric results
and make use of the arithmetic operators:
Addition +
Subtraction -
Multiplication *
Division /
Remainder %

• If either or both operands are floating point values,

then the result is a floating point value

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Division and Remainder
• If both operands to the division operator (/) are
integers, the result is an integer (the fractional part
is discarded)
14 / 3 equals 4
8 / 12 equals 0

• The remainder operator (%) returns the remainder

after dividing the first operand by the second
14 % 3 equals 2
8 % 12 equals 8

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Quick Check
What are the results of the following expressions?

12 / 2
12.0 / 2.0
10 / 4
10 / 4.0
4 / 10
4.0 / 10
12 % 3
10 % 3
3 % 10

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Quick Check
What are the results of the following expressions?

12 / 2 = 6
12.0 / 2.0 = 6.0
10 / 4 = 2
10 / 4.0 = 2.5
4 / 10 = 0
4.0 / 10 = 0.4
12 % 3 = 0
10 % 3 = 1
3 % 10 = 0

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Operator Precedence
• Operators can be combined into larger expressions
result = total + count / max - offset;
• Operators have a well-defined precedence which
determines the order in which they are evaluated
• Multiplication, division, and remainder are evaluated
before addition, subtraction, and string
concatenation
• Arithmetic operators with the same precedence are
evaluated from left to right, but parentheses can be
used to force the evaluation order

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Quick Check
In what order are the operators evaluated in the
following expressions?

a + b + c + d + e a + b * c - d / e

a / (b + c) - d % e

a / (b * (c + (d - e)))

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Quick Check
In what order are the operators evaluated in the
following expressions?

a + b + c + d + e a + b * c - d / e
1 2 3 4 3 1 4 2

a / (b + c) - d % e
2 1 4 3

a / (b * (c + (d - e)))
4 3 2 1

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Expression Trees
• The evaluation of a particular expression can be
shown using an expression tree
• The operators lower in the tree have higher
precedence for that expression

+
a + (b – c) / d

a /

- d

b c

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Assignment Revisited
• The assignment operator has a lower precedence
than the arithmetic operators

First the expression on the right hand

side of the = operator is evaluated

answer = sum / 4 + MAX * lowest;

4 1 3 2

Then the result is stored in the

variable on the left hand side

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Assignment Revisited
• The right and left hand sides of an assignment
statement can contain the same variable
First, one is added to the
original value of count

count = count + 1;

Then the result is stored back into count

(overwriting the original value)

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Increment and Decrement
• The increment (++) and decrement (--) operators
use only one operand
• The statement
count++;
is functionally equivalent to
count = count + 1;

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Increment and Decrement
• The increment and decrement operators can be
applied in postfix form:
count++
• or prefix form:
++count
• When used as part of a larger expression, the two
forms can have different effects
• Because of their subtleties, the increment and
decrement operators should be used with care

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Assignment Operators
• Often we perform an operation on a variable, and
then store the result back into that variable
• Java provides assignment operators to simplify
that process
• For example, the statement
num += count;
is equivalent to
num = num + count;

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Assignment Operators
• There are many assignment operators in Java,
including the following:

Operator Example Equivalent To

+= x += y x = x + y
-= x -= y x = x - y
*= x *= y x = x * y
/= x /= y x = x / y
%= x %= y x = x % y

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Assignment Operators
• The right hand side of an assignment operator can
be a complex expression
• The entire right-hand expression is evaluated first,
then the result is combined with the original variable
• Therefore
result /= (total-MIN) % num;

is equivalent to
result = result / ((total-MIN) % num);

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Assignment Operators
• The behavior of some assignment operators
depends on the types of the operands
• If the operands to the += operator are strings, the
assignment operator performs string concatenation
• The behavior of an assignment operator (+=) is
always consistent with the behavior of the
corresponding operator (+)

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Outline
Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs

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Data Conversion
• Sometimes it is convenient to convert data from
one type to another
• For example, in a particular situation we may want
to treat an integer as a floating point value
• These conversions do not change the type of a
variable or the value that's stored in it – they only
convert a value as part of a computation

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Data Conversion
• Widening conversions are safest because they tend
to go from a small data type to a larger one (such
as a short to an int)
• Narrowing conversions can lose information
because they tend to go from a large data type to a
smaller one (such as an int to a short)
• In Java, data conversions can occur in three ways:
– assignment conversion
– promotion
– casting

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Data Conversion

Widening Conversions Narrowing Conversions

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Assignment Conversion
• Assignment conversion occurs when a value of one
type is assigned to a variable of another
• Example:
int dollars = 20;
double money = dollars;
• Only widening conversions can happen via
assignment
• Note that the value or type of dollars did not
change

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Promotion
• Promotion happens automatically when operators
in expressions convert their operands
• Example:
int count = 12;
double sum = 490.27;
result = sum / count;
• The value of count is converted to a floating
point value to perform the division calculation

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Casting
• Casting is the most powerful, and dangerous,
technique for conversion
• Both widening and narrowing conversions can be
accomplished by explicitly casting a value
• To cast, the type is put in parentheses in front of
the value being converted
int total = 50;
float result = (float) total / 6;
• Without the cast, the fractional part of the answer
would be lost

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Outline
Character Strings
Variables and Assignment
Primitive Data Types
Expressions
Data Conversion
Interactive Programs

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Interactive Programs
• Programs generally need input on which to
operate
• The Scanner class provides convenient methods
for reading input values of various types
• A Scanner object can be set up to read input from
various sources, including the user typing values
on the keyboard
• Keyboard input is represented by the System.in
object

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Reading Input
• The following line creates a Scanner object that
reads from the keyboard:
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
• The new operator creates the Scanner object
• Once created, the Scanner object can be used to
invoke various input methods, such as:
answer = scan.nextLine();

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Reading Input
• The Scanner class is part of the java.util class
library, and must be imported into a program to be
used
• The nextLine method reads all of the input until
the end of the line is found
• See Echo.java
• The details of object creation and class libraries are
discussed further in Chapter 3

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//********************************************************************
// Echo.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of the nextLine method of the Scanner class
// to read a string from the user.
//********************************************************************

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Echo

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Reads a character string from the user and prints it.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String message;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter a line of text:");

message = scan.nextLine();

System.out.println("You entered: \"" + message + "\"");

}
}

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 Sample Run
//********************************************************************
// Echo.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
// Enter a line of text:
You want
// Demonstrates the fries with
use of the that?
nextLine method of the Scanner class
// to read a string from the user.
You entered: "You want fries with that?"
//********************************************************************

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Echo

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Reads a character string from the user and prints it.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String message;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter a line of text:");

message = scan.nextLine();

System.out.println("You entered: \"" + message + "\"");

}
}

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Input Tokens
• Unless specified otherwise, white space is used to
separate the elements (called tokens) of the input
• White space includes space characters, tabs, new
line characters
• The next method of the Scanner class reads the
next input token and returns it as a string
• Methods such as nextInt and nextDouble
read data of particular types
• See GasMileage.java

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//********************************************************************
// GasMileage.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of the Scanner class to read numeric data.
//********************************************************************

import java.util.Scanner;

public class GasMileage

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Calculates fuel efficiency based on values entered by the
// user.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int miles;
double gallons, mpg;

Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

continue

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continue

System.out.print("Enter the number of miles: ");

miles = scan.nextInt();

System.out.print("Enter the gallons of fuel used: ");

gallons = scan.nextDouble();

mpg = miles / gallons;

System.out.println("Miles Per Gallon: " + mpg);

}
}

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 Sample Run
continue
Enter the number of miles: 328
System.out.print("Enter the number of miles: ");
Enter
miles the gallons of fuel used:
= scan.nextInt(); 11.2
Miles Per Gallon: 29.28571428571429
System.out.print("Enter the gallons of fuel used: ");
gallons = scan.nextDouble();

mpg = miles / gallons;

System.out.println("Miles Per Gallon: " + mpg);

}
}

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Summary
• Chapter 2 focused on:
– character strings
– primitive data
– the declaration and use of variables
– expressions and operator precedence
– data conversions
– accepting input from the user

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.