• Construction material ?

Material?

• Many naturally occurring substances, such as

clay, rocks, sand, and wood, have been used
to construct buildings.
• Apart from naturally occurring materials,
many man-made products are in use, some
more and some less synthetic.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
• Construction is one of the branches of civil engineering that is
concerned directly with common people, as everyone wants to
have beautiful dwellings (a house, flat, or other place of
residence).
• Buildings are built from long ago in history but the difference is
of technology as early buildings were simple and just for the
purpose of shelter.
• With the passage of time, revolutionary changes have appeared
in construction also and it is all due to the technology that can
be defined as practical use of your knowledge.
• In the beginning, buildings were made from stones and mud,
but in recent time, we construct buildings using multiple types of
materials including stone, timber, concrete, metals, glass, etc.
 Types of Construction Technologies
• Construction industry includes a wide range of constructions
suitable for all classes of society. Commercial construction,
domestic construction, industrial construction, heavy or civil
constructions (Dams, Tunnel, Bridges) are a few examples that
are now displaying master pieces of construction technologies.
• Each of these requires different technological treatments.
• For domestic construction, simple technological methods are
usually preferred and frequently available materials are mostly
used. These are mostly low cost projects and are also short-term.
• In commercial construction, the basic concern is infrastructure
that is responsible for strength and life of project.
• These are mostly launched by government agencies. These
projects require latest construction technologies, equipment, and
materials.
 Role of technology in building designs
• With the passage of time, construction industry has passed
through advancements. One of them is emphasis on designing
buildings before practically constructing these buildings. Progress
in technology has introduced successful techniques to develop
strong and long lasting buildings.
• Development in the field of IT has become the main source for
latest designing approach in construction technologies.
• Building Information Modeling (BIM), Autocad, Staddpro etc. are
one of such computerized systems that facilitate for collecting
information about buildings under construction on regular basis.
• This system greatly enhances the communication among
engineers and designers that are working on the project.
• Computer aided designing helps in designing flawless buildings as
through computer simulations problems can be found and
resolved before constructing buildings physically.
 Innovations in Construction Technology

Technological progress has introduced many innovations in field of

construction industry.
• There is huge difference between new and old construction methods.
• Use of latest machinery has made its way through the civil
engineering.
• Most of the building parts such as pillars, roofs, and concrete blocks
are available in prepared forms that increase the speed of
construction process greatly.
• Use of pre-stressed concrete tendons and beams strengthen the
buildings along with speedy construction.
 Green Construction

The green revolution has also some effects on this

industry.
• Global movement of saving the natural environment has
emerged the latest concept. It means while constructing
buildings, natural environment should not be spoiled and
materials used for building must be eco-friendly.
• This concept should be implemented to all types of
construction including domestic as well as commercial
construction.
• Green construction is actually an eco-friendly construction
system that follows the regulations, which are created to
 The scope of Construction and Building Materials
• The scope of Construction and Building Materials includes, but is not
restricted to, materials, NDT and monitoring aspects of new works and
repair and maintenance of the following: bridges, high-rise buildings,
dams, civil engineering structures, silos, highway pavements, tunnels,
water containment structures, sewers, roofing, housing, coastal defences
and railways.
• At a time when the pressure is on all engineers, architects and contractors
to optimise use of new materials and up-to-date technologies, Construction
and Building Materials provides essential information that will help
improve efficiency, productivity and competitiveness in world markets.
• It is therefore vital reading for all professionals and academics involved
with research into, or specification of, building materials.

• NDT*- Non-destructive tests (NDT) are test methods which are used to
examine the hardened concrete structure for their suitability for its
intended use without interfering in any way with the integrity of the
material or its suitability for service.
BRICKS
 Brick
• Introduction, Manufacturing,
characteristics, Classification and
uses
 BRICK
Bricks are the most commonly
.
used
construction material.
Bricks are prepared by moulding clay in
rectangular blocks of uniform size and then
drying and burning these blocks. In order to
get a good quality brick, the brick earth
should contain the following constituents
 Clay Products BRICK
• Clay is the most important raw material used
for making bricks.
• Purest clay consist mainly of Kaolinite
(2SiO2Al2O3.2H2O) with small quantity of
Quartz, mica, felspar, calcite, magnesite.
• Bulk Specific Gravity of clay bricks ranges from
1.6 – 2.5
 Constituents of good brick earth:

• Silica
• Alumina
• Lime
• Iron oxide
• Magnesia
Silica
• Brick earth should contain about 50 to % of silica.
• It is responsible for preventing cracking, shrinking and
warping of raw bricks.
• It also affects the durability of bricks.
• If present in excess, then it destroys the cohesion between
particles and the brick becomes brittle.

Alumina
• o Good brick earth should contain about 20% to 30% of
alumina.
• o It is responsible for plasticity characteristic of earth, which is
important in moulding operation.
• o If present in excess, then the raw brick shrink and warp
during drying.
Alumina
• Good brick earth should contain about 20% to 30% of alumina.
• It is responsible for plasticity characteristic of earth, which is
important in moulding operation.
• If present in excess, then the raw brick shrink and warp during
drying.

Lime
• The percentage of lime should be in the range of 5% to 10% in
a good brick earth.
• It prevents shrinkage of bricks on drying.
• It causes silica in clay to melt on burning and thus helps to bind
it.
• Excess of lime causes the brick to melt and brick looses its
shape.
Iron oxide
• A good brick earth should contain about 5% to 7% of iron oxide.
• It gives red colour to the bricks.
• It improves impermeability and durability.
• It gives strength and hardness.
• If present in excess, then the colour of brick becomes dark blue
or blakish.
• o If the quantity of iron oxide is comparatively less, the brick
becomes yellowish in colour.

Magnesia
• Good brick earth should contain less a small quantity of
magnesia about1%)
• Magnesium in brick earth imparts yellow tint to the brick.
• It is responsible for reducing shrinkage
• Excess of magnesia leads to the decay of bricks.
 Harmful Ingredients in Brick:
Below mentioned are some of the ingredients which are undesired
in brick earth.
Lime
• A small quantity of lime is required in brick earth. But if present
in excess, it causes the brick to melt and hence brick looses its
shape.
• If lime is present in the form of lumps, then it is converted into
quick lime after burning. This quick lime slakes and expands in
presence of moisture, causing splitting of bricks into pieces.
Iron pyrites

• The presence of iron pyrites in brick earth causes the brick to

get crystallized and disintegrated during burning, because of the
oxidation of the iron pyrits.
• Pyrites discolourise the bricks.
 Harmful Ingredients in Brick:

Alkalis
• These are exist in the brick earth in the form of soda and potash.
It acts as a flux in the kiln during burning and it causes bricks to
fuse, twist and warp. Because of this, bricks are melted and they
loose their shape.
• The alkalis remaining in bricks will absorb moisture from the
atmosphere, when bricks are used in masonry. With the passage of
time, the moisture gets evaporated leaving grey or white deposits
on the wall surface (known as efflorescence).
• This white patch affects the appearance of the building structure.

Pebbles
• Pebbles in brick earth create problem during mixing operation of
earth. It prevents uniform and through mixing of clay, which results
in weak and porous bricks
• Bricks containing pebbles will not break into shapes as per
Vegetation and Organic Matter
The presence of vegetation and organic matter
in brick earth assists in burning.
But if such matter is not completely burnt, the
bricks become porous.
This is due to the fact that the gasses will be
evolved during the burning of the
carbonaceous matter and it will result in the
formation of small pores.
Manufacturing of bricks
 Manufacturing of bricks
In the process of manufacturing bricks, the
following distinct operations are involved.

• Preparation of clay
• Moulding
• Drying
• Burning
 Preparation of clay
The clay for brick is prepared in the following
order.
• Unsoiling
• Digging
• Cleaning
• Weathering
• Blending
• Tempering
 Preparation of clay

• Unsoiling: The top layer of the soil, about 200mm in

depth, is taken out and thrown away. The clay in top
soil is full of impurities and hence it is to be rejected for
the purpose of preparing bricks.
• Digging: The clay is then dug out from the ground. It is
spread on the levelled ground, just a little deeper than
the general level. The height of heaps of clay is about
600mm to 1200mm.
• Cleaning: The clay as obtained in the process of digging
should be cleaned of stones, pebbles, vegetable
matters. If these particles are in excess, the clay is to be
washed and screened. Such a process naturally will
prove to be troublesome and expensive.
 Preparation of clay
• Weathering: The clay is then exposed to atmosphere for softening and
mellowing. The period varies from few weeks to full season.

• Blending: The clay is made loose and any ingredient to be added to it , is

spread out at its top. The blending indicates intimate or harmonious
mixing. It is carried out by taking a small amount of clay every time and
turning it up and down in vertical direction. The blending makes clay fit for
the next stage of tempering.

• Tempering: In the process of tempering, the clay is brought to a proper

degree of hardness and it is made fit for the next operation of
moulding .Kneaded or pressed under the feet of man or cattle .The
tempering should be done exhaustively to obtain homogeneous mass of
clay of uniform character.For manufacturing good bricks on a large scale,
tempering is done in pug mill.A typical pug mill capable of tempering
sufficient earth for a daily output of about 15000 to20000 bricks.
 A pug mill

• A pug mill consists of a conical iron tub with cover at its top .It is fixed on a timber
base which is made by fixing two wooden planks at right angle to each other. The
bottom of tub is covered except for the hole to take out pugged earth. The diameter
of pug mill at bottom is about 800mm and that at top is about 1 m.The provision is
made in top cover to place clay inside pug mill .A vertical shaft with horizontal arms is
provided at center of iron tub.The small wedge-shaped knives of steel are fixed at
arms.The long arms are fixed at vertical shaft to attach a pair of bullocks .The ramp is
provided to collect the pugged clay .The height of pug mill is about 2m. Its depth
below ground is 600m to800mm lessen the rise of the barrow run and to throw out
the tempered clay conveniently.In the beginning, the hole for pugged clay is closed
and clay with water is placed in pug mill from the top. When vertical shaft is rotated
by a pair of bullock, the clay is thoroughly mixed up by the action of horizontal arms
and knives and homogeneous mass is formed.
• The rotation of vertical shaft can also be achieved by using steam, diesel or electrical
power.When clay has been sufficiently pugged, the hole at the bottom of the tub, is
opened out and pugged earth is taken out from the ramp by barrow i.e. a small cart
with wheels for next operation of moulding.The pug mill is then kept moving and
feeding of clay from top and taking out of pugged clay from bottom are done
simultaneously.If tempering is properly carried out, the good brick earth can then be
rolled without breaking in small threads of 3mm diameter.
Moulding
 Moulding
• The clay which is prepared as above is then
sent for the text operation of moulding.
Following are two types of moulding:

• i. Hand Moulding

• ii. Machine Moulding

 Hand moulding

• In hand moulding, the bricks are moulded by hand i.e.;

manually.
• It is adopted where manpower is cheap and is readily
available for the manufacturing process of bricks ona
small scale.
• The moulds are rectangular boxes which are open at top
and bottom. They may be of wood or steel.
• It should be be prepared from well-seasoned wood.
• The longer sides are kept slightly projecting to serve as
handles.
• The strips of brass or steel are sometimes fixed on the
edges of wooden moulds to make them more durable.
 Hand moulding
• It is prepared from the combination of steel plate
and channel.
• It may even be prepared from steel angles and
plates. The thickness of steel mould is 6mm.They is
used for manufacturing bricks on a large scale.
• The steel moulds are more durable than wooden
one and turn out bricks of uniform size.
• The bricks shrink during drying and burning, Hence
the moulds are therefore made larger than burnt
bricks (8-12%).
• The bricks prepared by hand moulding are of two
types: Ground moulded and Table moulded
 Ground moulded Bricks:

• The ground is first made level and fine sand is sprinkled over
it.The mould is dipped in water and placed over the ground.
• The lump of tempered clay is taken and is dashed is the
mould.The clay is pressed in the mould in such a way that it
fills all the corners of mould.
• The surplus clay is removed by wooden strike or framed with
wire. A strike is a piece of wood or metal with a sharp edge.
• It is to be dipped in water every time.The mould is then lifted
up and raw brick ids left on the ground.
• The mould is dipped in water and it is placed just near the
previous brick to prepare another brick.
• The process is repeated till the ground is covered with raw
bricks.
• The lower faces of ground moulded bricks are rough and it
is not possible to place frog on such bricks.
 Frog

A frog is mark which is placed on top of raw brick during moulding.

It serves two purposes.
• 1.It indicates the trade name of the manufacturer firm.
• 2.In brick work, the bricks are laid with frog uppermost. It thus
affords a key for mortar when the next brick is placed over it.
• The ground moulded bricks of better quality and with frogs on their
surface are made by using a pair of pallet boards and a wooden block.
A pallet is a piece of thin wood.
• The block is bigger than the mould and it has projection of about
6mm height on its surface.
• The dimensions of projection correspond to internal dimensions of
mould. The design of impression or frog is made on this block.
• The wooden block is also known as the moulding block or stock
board.
• The mould is placed to fit in the projection of wooden block and clay
is then dashed inside the mould.
• A pallet is placed on the top and the whole thing is then turn upside
down.
• The mould is taken out and placed over the raw brick and it is
conveyed to the drying sheds.
• The bricks are placed to stand on their longer sides in drying sheds
and pallet boards are brought back for using them again.
• As the bricks are laid on edge, they occupy less space and they dry
quicker and better.
 Table Moulded Bricks:

• i) The process of moulding of bricks is just

similar as above.But in this case, the mould
stands near a table size 2m x 1m.
• The bricks are moulded on the table and send
for further process of drying.
• ii) However the efficiency of the moulder
gradually decreases because of standing at
some place for a longer duration.
• The cost of brick is also increases when table
moulding
Machine Moulding
 Machine Moulding:
Machine Moulding:
This type of moulding is carried out by two
processes:
• i) Plastic clay machine
• ii) Dry clay machine
 Plastic Clay Moulding
Plastic Clay Moulding
• i) Such machine consists of a rectangular opening
having length and width is equal to an ordinary
bricks. The pugged clay is placed in the machine
and it comes out through the rectangular
opening.
• ii) These are cut into strips by the wire fixed at
the frame. The arrangement is made in such a
way that the strips thickness is equal to that of
the bricks are obtained. So it is also called as
WIRE CUT BRICKS.
 Dry Clay Machinemoulding:

• In these machines, the strong clay is finally

converted in to powered form.A small
quantity of water is then added to form a stiff
plastic paste.

• ii) Such paste is placed in mould and pressed

by machine to form dry and well-shaped
bricks. They do not require the process of
drying.
Drying
• The damp bricks, if brunt,are likely to be cracked
and distorted.Hence the moulded bricks are dried
before they are taken for the next operation of
burning.
• For the drying the bricks are laid longitudinally in
the stacks of width equal to two bricks,A stack
consists of ten or eight tiers.
• The bricks are laid along and across the stock in
alternate layers.
• All the bricks are placed on edges.
• The bricks are allowed to dry until the bricks are
become leather hard of moisture content about 2%.
 Burning
• Bricks are burned at high temperature to gain the strength,
durability, density and red color appearance.All the water is
removed at the temperature of 650 degrees but they are burnt at
an temperature of about 1100 degrees because the fusing of sand
and lime takes place at this temperature and chemical bonding
takes between these materials after the temperature is cooled
down resulting in the hard and dense mass.
• Bricks are not burnt above this temperature because it will result
in the melting of the bricks and will result in a distorted shape and
a very hard mass when cooled which will not be workable while
brickwork.

Bricks can be burnt using the following methods:

• (a) Clamp Burning
• (b) Kiln Burning
 Clamp Burning:
• Clamp is a temporary structure generally constructed over the ground
with a height of about 4 to 6 m. It is employed when the demand of the
bricks is lower scale and when it is not a monsoon season.
• This is generally trapezoidal in plan whose shorter edge among the
parallel sides is below the ground and then the surface raising constantly
at about 15 degrees to reach the other parallel edge over the ground.
• A vertical brick and mud wall is constructed at the lower edge to support
the stack of the brick.
• First layer of fuel is laid as the bottom most layer with the coal, wood
and other locally available material like cow dung and husk
• .Another layer of about 4 to 5 rows of bricks is laid and then again a fuel
layer is laid over it.
• The thickness of the fuel layer goes on with the height of the clamp.
• After these alternate layers of the bricks and fuel the top surface is
covered with the mud so as to preserve the heat.Fire is ignited at the
bottom, once fire is started it is kept under fire by itself for one or two
months and same time period is needed for the cooling of the bricks.
 Disadvantages of Clamp burning:

• 1. Bricks at the bottom are over-burnt while at the

top are under-burnt.
• 2. Bricks loose their shape, and reason may be their
descending downward once the fuel layer is burnt.
• 3. This method cannot employ for the
manufacturing of large number of bricks and it is
costly in terms of fuel because large amount of heat
is wasted.
• 4. It cannot be employed in monsoon season.
 Kiln Burning
• Kiln is a large oven used for the burning of
bricks. Generally coal and other locally
available materials like wood, cow dung etc
can be used as fuel.
They are of two types:
• • Intermittent Kilns.
• • Continuous Kilns.
intermittent kilns:
• (i) Up-draught Intermittent Kilns
• (ii) Down draught Intermittent Kilns

• Down draught kilns are more efficient because the heat is utilized
more by moving the hot gases in the larger area of the kiln. In up
draught kilns the hot gases are released after they rise up to
chimney entrance.

• Continuous Kilns:
• These kilns are called continuous because all the processes of
loading, unloading, cooling, heating, pre-heating take place
simultaneously.
• They are used when the bricks are demanded in larger scale and
in short time.
• Bricks burning are completed in one day, so it is a fast method of
 Bull's Trench Kiln
• Bull's Trench Kiln:Bull's trench kiln consists of a rectangular, circular or
oval plan shape. They are constructed below the ground level by
excavating a trench of the required width for the given capacity of brick
manufacturing.This Trench is divided generally in 12 chambers so that 2
numbers of cycles of brick burning can take place at the same time for the
larger production of the bricks.
• Or it may happen that one cycle is carried out at one time in all the 12
chambers by using a single process in the 2-3 chambers at the same
time.The structure is under-ground so the heat is conserved to a large
extent so it is more efficient.
• Once fire is started it constantly travels from one chamber to the other
chamber, while other operations like loading, unloading, cooling, burning
and preheating taking place simultaneously.
• Such kilns are generally constructed to have a manufacturing capacity of
about 20,000 bricks per day. The drawback of this kiln is that there is not
a permanent roof, so it is not easy to manufacture the bricks in the
monsoon seasons.
 Hoffman's Kiln

Hoffman's Kiln:The main difference between the Bull's trench kiln and the
Hoffman kilns are:

• 1. Hoffman's kiln is an over the ground structure while Bull's Trench Kiln
is an underground structure.

• 2.Hoffman's kiln have a permanent roof while Bull's trench Kiln do not
have so it former can be used in 12 months a year to manufacture bricks
but later is stopped in the monsoon season.

• Hoffman's kiln is generally circular in plan, and is constructed over the

ground. The whole structure is divided into the 12 chambers and the
entire processes takes place simultaneously like in Bull's trench Kiln.
Classification of Bricks
 Classification of Bricks as per common practice:

Bricks, which are used in construction works, are

burnt bricks. They are classified into four
categories on the basis of its manufacturing
and preparation, as given below.
• 1. First class bricks
• 2. Second class bricks
• 3. Third class bricks
• 4. Fourth class bricks
 Classification of Bricks

First Class Bricks:

• These bricks are table moulded and of standard shape and they are
burnt in kilns.
• The surface and edges of the bricks are sharp, square, smooth and
straight.
• They comply with all the qualities of good bricks.
• These bricks are used for superior work of permanent nature.

Second Class Bricks:

• These bricks are ground moulded and they are burnt in kilns.
• The surface of these bricks is somewhat rough and shape is also slightly
irregular.
• These bricks may have hair cracks and their edges may not be sharp and
uniform.
• These bricks are commonly used at places where brick work is to be
provided with a coat of plaster.
 Classification of Bricks

Third Class Bricks:

• These bricks are ground moulded and they are burnt in clamps.
• These bricks are not hard and they have rough surfaces with
irregular and distorted edges.
• These bricks give dull sound when struck together.
• They are used for unimportant and temporary structures and at
places where rainfall is not heavy.

Fourth Class Bricks:

• These are over burnt bricks with irregular shape and dark colour.
• These bricks are used as aggregate for concrete in foundations,
floors, roads etc, because of the fact that the over burnt bricks
have a compact structure and hence they are sometimes found to
be stronger than even the first class bricks.
Classification of Bricks as per
constituent materials
 Classification of Bricks as per constituent materials

There are various types of bricks used in masonry.

• • Common Burnt Clay Bricks

• • Sand Lime Bricks (Calcium Silicate Bricks)
• • Engineering Bricks
• • Concrete Bricks
• • Fly ash Clay Bricks
 Classification of Bricks as per constituent materials

Common Burnt Clay Bricks

• Common burnt clay bricks are formed by pressing in moulds.
• Then these bricks are dried and fired in a kiln.
• Common burnt clay bricks are used in general work with no special
attractive appearances.
• When these bricks are used in walls, they require plastering or
rendering.

Sand Lime Bricks

• Sand lime bricks are made by mixing sand, fly ash and lime followed by
a chemical process during wet mixing.
• The mix is then moulded under pressure forming the brick.
• These bricks can offer advantages over clay bricks such as: their colour
appearance is grey instead of the regular reddish colour.Their shape is
uniform and presents a smoother finish that doesn’t require plastering.
• These bricks offer excellent strength as a load-bearing member.
 Classification of Bricks as per constituent materials
Engineering Bricks
• Engineering bricks are bricks manufactured at extremely high temperatures,
forming a dense and strong brick, allowing the brick to limit strength and water
absorption.Engineering bricks offer excellent load bearing capacity damp-proof
characteristics and chemical resisting properties.
Concrete Bricks
• Concrete bricks are made from solid concrete.
• Concrete bricks are usually placed in facades, fences, and provide an excellent
aesthetic presence.
• These bricks can be manufactured to provide different colours as pigmented
during its production.

Fly Ash Clay Bricks

Fly ash is a by-product of the combustion of pulverized coal in thermal power plants.
It is removed by the dust collection system as a fine particulate residue from the
combustion gases before they are discharged into the atmosphere.
• Fly ash clay bricks are manufactured with clay and fly ash, at about 1,000 degrees
C.
• Some studies have shown that these bricks tend to fail poor produce pop-outs,
when bricks come into contact with moisture and water, causing the bricks to
Tests on Bricks

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1-YGw28aPw (FIELD TEST

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MouOnGHr1kc (FLY ASH

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dgnGuzqxDA (HAND
MOULD
 Tests on Bricks

To know the quality of bricks following 7 tests can be

performed. In these tests some are performed in laboratory
and the rest are on field.

• Compressive strength test

• Water Absorption test
• Efflorescence test
• Hardness test
• Size, Shape and Colour test
• Soundness test
• Structure test
 Tests on Bricks

Compressive strength test:

• This test is done to know the compressive strength of brick.
• It is also called crushing strength of brick. Generally 5 specimens of bricks are
taken to laboratory for testing and tested one by one.
• In this test a brick specimen is put on crushing machine and applied pressure
till it breaks. The ultimate pressure at which brick is crushed is taken into
account.
• All five brick specimens are tested one by one and average result is taken as
brick’s compressive/crushing strength.
Water Absorption test:
• In this test bricks are weighed in dry condition and let them immersed in fresh
water for 24 hours.
• After 24 hours of immersion those are taken out from water and wipe out with
cloth. Then brick is weighed in wet condition.
• The difference between weights is the water absorbed by brick. The
percentage of water absorption is then calculated. The less water absorbed by
brick the greater its quality.
• Good quality brick doesn’t absorb more than 20% water of its own weight.
 Efflorescence test:

The presence of alkalies in bricks is harmful and they

form a grey or white layer on brick surface by
absorbing moisture.
• To find out the presence of alkalis in bricks this test is
performed. In this test a brick is immersed in fresh
water for 24 hours and then it’s taken out from water
and allowed to dry in shade.
• If the whitish layer is not visible on surface it proofs
that absence of alkalis in brick.
• If the whitish layer visible about 10% of brick surface
then the presence of alkalis is in acceptable range.
• If that is about 50% of surface then it is moderate.
• If the alkalies’ presence is over 50% then the brick is
severely affected by alkalies.
 Tests on Bricks

Hardness test:
• In this test a scratch is made on brick surface
with a hard thing or finger nail. If that doesn’t
left any impression on brick then that is good
quality brick.
 Size, shape and colour test
Color Test:
Good quality bricks are always uniform in color throughout its entire surface. Well burnt
bricks are always copper color Red cherry . In a lot, you can take the sample of the bricks and
see its color on all sides, if it is copper color and uniform it is quality one. See the copper
color of brick in image

Shape Test:
For Shape test, take at least 10 samples of bricks from a lot and check if their length, breadth
& width are uniform and it must not vary from brick-to-brick for the quality bricks.
Bricks are closely viewed to check if its edges are sharp and straight and uniform in shape.

Size Test: copper color

190*90*90 mm for good quality bricks
 Soundness test
• For struck test, take 2 bricks and strike each
other along the longer edge.
• If it produces metallic or Ring bell sound, the
bricks are good quality bricks.
 Structure test:
• When bricks are dropped from the height of 1 to
1.2m (4 feet), it should not crack or break. This
ensures the durability and quality of bricks.
• In this test a brick is broken or a broken brick is
collected and closely observed.
• If there are any flows, cracks or holes present on
that broken face then that isn’t good quality
brick.