QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH
GROUP 5
TEAM MEMBERS

1.Nguyễn Hồng Minh Nguyệt

2.H’Jan Niê Mlô
3.Nguyễn Minh Tú
4.Khâu Hoàng Thương
5.Lê Minh Khánh
6.Trần Thiên Dũng
 TABLE OF CONTENT
I. Quantitative research:
1.What is a quantitative method?
2.Definition of population
3.Definition of samples
4.Variables
II. Types of design in quantitative research
5.Description
6.Correlation
7.Experimental
 I.
Quantitative
method
Quantitative
method
The process of collecting and
analyzing numerical data

Be analyzed by statistical
methods.
 Using numbers
-Opposite of qualitative research
-Widely used in the natural and
social sciences
Main Large sample size
-The sample size should be large
characteristics of Measurability
quantitative -The data collection methods are
research structured and contain items
requiring measurable variables
Well-Structured Data
Representation
-Can form well-defined graphical
Advantages and
Disadvantages
 Advantages
Here are some core benefits this research methodology offers.

Allows using Less biased and

Easier to analyze
large sample sizes more accurate
 Disadvantages
Its limitations include:

Limited Difficulty in
information on confirming the
the subject feedback
 What is
population ?
• The population is the group of people whom the study

is about.
• For example, in a study on the effects of a new drug,

the research population would encompass all

individuals who could potentially benefit from or be

affected by the medication.

 What is
samples ?
• The sample is the group of individuals who participate

in the study.

• The sample should include persons from various

sections and spheres of the population in order to

become a true representative of the population.

Types of
sampling
Non- probability sampling
In Non-probability sampling (also known as non-random

sampling), not all members of the population has a

chance of participating in the study.

Probability sampling
Uses random sampling techniques to create a sample.
 Non- probability sampling
• Convenience sampling( availability sampling): Relies on data collection from

population members who are conveniently available to participate in the study.

⚬ Advantages: being cost and time efficient.

⚬ Disadvantages: being highly vulnerable to selection bias and having little

credibility

• Example: A basic example of a convenience sampling method is when companies

distribute their promotional pamphlets and ask questions at a mall or on a

crowded street with randomly selected participants.

 Non- probability sampling
• Quota sampling: Quota sampling can be defined as a sampling method of

gathering representative data from a group.

Dimensional sampling is a variation of quota sampling.

⚬ Advantages: Being useful when probability sampling techniques are not

possible.

⚬ Disadvantages: Sample selection is not random

• Example: A milk company wants to find out what age group prefers what brand
of milk in a particular city. They apply survey quota on the age groups of 10-20,

21-30, 31-40.
 Non- probability sampling
• Snowball sampling: It is used when characteristics to be possessed by samples are rare and

difficult to find.

⚬ Advantages: Being cost and time efficient.

Discovering characteristics about a population that you weren’t aware existed.

⚬ Disadvantages: Having sampling bias and margin of error.

Probability sampling: uses random sampling techniques to create a sample.

• Example: The group of people undocumented immigrants in a particular city is limited. And in such case, if

the interviewer wants to know how the life of these people have changed, might approach those

acquaintances who can refer those individuals who can potentially contribute to the study.
 WHAT IS
VARIABLE ?
• A variable is any characteristic, number, or quantity
that can be measured or counted.
• The value of a variable may vary between data
units in a population, and may change in value over
time.
• Age, sex, business income and expenses, country
of birth, capital expenditure, class grades, eye
colour and vehicle type are examples of variables.
 TYPES
OF
VARIABLES
 DEPENDENT VARIABLES

• A variable that relies on and can be changed by

other factors that are measured.
• A grade someone gets on an exam depends on
factors such as how much sleep they got and
how long they studied.
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

• A variable that stands alone and isn't changed by

other variables or factors that are measured
• Age: Other variables such as where someone lives,
what they eat or how much they exercise are not
going to change their age.
 INTERVENING VARIABLES
• A theoretical variable used to explain a cause or
connection between other study variables
• Access to health care: If wealth is the independent
variable, and a long life span is a dependent variable,
a researcher might hypothesize that access to quality
health care is the intervening variable that links
wealth and life span.
 MODERATING VARIABLES
• A variable that changes the relationship between dependent
and independent variables by strengthening or weakening
the intervening variable's effect.
• A study about the relationship between economic status
(independent variable) and how frequently people get physical
exams from a doctor (dependent variable), age is a
moderating variable. That relationship might be weaker in
younger individuals and stronger in older individuals.
 CONTROL VARIABLES

• Characteristics that are constant and do not

change during a study
• Researchers control for participants’ gender (only
female participants are included in the study).
 SCALES
OF
VARIABLES
01. Nominal scale
• Basic level of measurement
• Categorize things without any inherent order
• Numbers assigned to categories are labels
• Don't hold any mathematical meaning

What is your gender?

Example:
M - Male
F - Female
02. • Establishes order or rank among
Ordinal categories

scale • Intervals between categories aren't

necessarily equal
• Can’t measure on an equal-interval
scale

Example: Customer satisfaction rating

03. Interval scale

• Equal intervals between each level

• Determine the magnitude of the
difference between two points

Example:

Temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit

04. Ratio scale
• Possesses all properties of
interval scale with a true zero
point
• It measures absolute values.
Example:

Plant B is twice as tall as plant A

(40cm / 20cm = 2cm)
 II.
Types of design
in quantitative
research
Descriptive
+ Descriptive research seeks to describe the current status of an identified variable.

+ These research projects are designed to provide systematic information about a phenomenon.

+ The researcher does not usually begin with a hypothesis but is likely to develop one after

collecting data.

+ The analysis and synthesis of the data provide the test of the hypothesis.

+ Systematic collection of information requires careful selection of the units studied and careful

measurement of each variable.

Example:

• A description of how second-grade students spend their time during

summer vacation

• A description of the attitudes of scientists regarding global warming

• A description of the tobacco use habits of teenagers

Advantages of descriptive research design

• The descriptive research design for a quantitative approach allows you to gather

a detailed and nuanced understanding of the research objective.

• The research method is relatively easy to implement and involves surveys,

observation, etc.

• It enables you to gather representative data that you can use to generalize the

findings to a large population.

Correlational
 Correlation
• Investigates relationships between variables without the

researcher controlling or manipulating any of them

• Reflects the strength and/or direction of the relationship

between two (or more) variables.

 Correlation
• There are 3 directions:
+ Positive correlation: Both variables change

in the same direction

+ Negative correlation: The variables

change in opposite directions

+ Zero correlation: There is no relationship

between the variables

 Correlation
• When to use:

+ To investigate non-causal relationships.

+ To explore causal relationships between variables.

+ To test new measurement tools.

 Correlation
• Issues:

+ Shortcoming of correlational research: unable to identify cause

and effect.

+ Must be cautious when reporting correlational results.

Experimental
1.True experimental design
2. Quasi- experimental design
 True experimental design
• Use the scientific method to establish a

cause-effect relationship.
• Control all variables except the one

being manipulated (the independent variable).

 True experimental design

Experimental group
Random

Participants

Control group
 Quasi - experimental design
“Quasi” means similarity.

-> Similar to true experiments

Quasi- experiments are similar to true experiments in every

respect EXCEPT that they do not use random assignment to

create the comparisons from which treatment- caused

change is inferred.
Thank you for
listening!