M3

Presentation
 Unit – 1
Complex - analysis

• Function of Complex Variable/ Differentiation:

If for each value of the complex variable Z= X+iY in a given region ‘R’ , we have one or more values of
w=f(z)=u+iv, Then W is said to be a function of ‘Z’ , and we have w=f(z)=u+iv.
Where u and v are real and imaginary parts of f(z).
z=x+iy and
f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y) is a complex function.

• Continuity of a Function:
Let f(z) is said to be continuous function at z=z if

• Differentiability of a Function:
A function f(z) is said to be differentiable at z=z if

exists. It is donated by fˡ(z₀)

i.e. fˡ(z₀) =
• Analytical Function:
The complex function f(z) is said to be analytical function at z=a if the function f(z) has derivative at
z=a and neighbourhood of z=a.
Example:
1. Let f(z) =
fˡ(z) = 2z
At z=0, fˡ(z) = 2(0) = 0 (finite)
f(z) has derivative at z=0
Finally f(z) is called analytical function.
2. Let f(z) =
fˡ(z) =
At z=0, fˡ(z) = = ∞
f(z) has no derivative at z=0
Finally f(z) is called not analytical function.
• Singular Point:
Let z=a is said to be singular point if the function f(z) is not analytical at z=a.
Example:
f(z) = , fˡ(z) = ∞
z = 0 is called singular point.
• Cauchy – Riemann Equations in Cartesian co-ordinates:
• If f(z ) is continuous in some neighbourhood of z and differentiable at z then the
first order partial derivatives satisfy the equations = and = at the point z
which are called the Cauchy-Riemann equations.
proof:
Let f(z) = u+iv be an analytical function
By definition of analytical function, f(z) has derivative.
i.e. fˡ(z) = exists (finite)
1) z = x+iy
f(z) = u+iv
f(z) = u(x,y)+iv(x,y)
2) z = x+iy
z=
3) = ?
z = x+iy+ x+ i
z = (x+ x)+i(y+ )
= u(x+ x , y+ ) + iv(x+ x , y+ )
fˡ(z) = → ①
We know that x+i y = 0+i0
x = 0, y = 0

Case (1) y = 0 , put y = 0 in ①.

fˡ(z) =
fˡ(z) =
fˡ(z) = +i →②

Case (2) If x = 0 , put x = 0 in ①

fˡ(z) =
fˡ(z) = -i
fˡ(z) =-i + →③

Equate ② & ③
+i = -i +
Compare the real and imaginary parts
{ = (If u and ux)
= }
These are Cauchy – Riemann Equations in Cartesian co-ordinate System.

Cauchy – Riemann Equations in Polar co-ordinates:

Let z=x+iy
We know that x=rcosθ , y=rsinθ
z = rcosθ+irsinθ
z = r(cosθ+isinθ)
z=
f(z)=u+iv
f() = u(r, )+iv(r, ) → ①
Differentiate ① w.r.t ‘r’,
fˡ () = +i →②
Differentiate ① w.r.t ‘’,
fˡ () ri= +i →③
Substitute ② in ③ , We get
ir[ +i ] = +i
ir -r = +i
Lets compare real and imaginary parts
= -r
= r
These are Cauchy – Riemann Equations in Polar co-ordinate System.
Examples
1) Show that f(z) = xy+iy is not analytical
Solution : Given , f(z) = xy+iy
f(z) = u+iv
u= xy v= y
=y, =0
=x, =1
≠
≠-
It doesn't not satisfies C-R equations and hence its not an analytical function.
2) Show that f(z) = 2xy+i(- ) is not analytical function.
Solution: Given f(z) = 2xy+i(- )
f(z) = u+iv
u=2xy v= -
= 2y , = 2x
= 2x , = -2y
≠ & ≠-
It doesn't not satisfies C-R equations and hence its not an analytical function.

3) Test the analyticity f(z) = (cosy-isiny) and also find the fˡ(z)
Solution: Given f(z) = cosy - isiny
f(z) = u+iv
u = cosy v = -siny
= cosy , = - siny
= -siny , = -cosy
≠ & ≠-
f(z) is not analytical function and the fˡ(z) does not exist.
4) Show that f(z) = z is not analytical function
Solution : Given f(z) = z
f(z) = (x+iy) = (x+iy) [
f(z) = x()+iy()
f(z) = u+iv
u = x() = V = y() =
= 3 , = 2xy
= 2xy, =
≠ & ≠-
f(z) is not analytical function
5) Show that w= logz is an analytical function and also find
Solution : Given w = logz
put z =
w = log = log r + log
w = log r + i log e
f(z) = w = log r +i = u+iv
u = log r v=
 =, =
= 0 ,= 1
r = & = -r
r( ) = 1 & 0=0 It is an analytical function
f(z) = u+iv
f() = u(r, )+iv(r, )
differentiate on both sides w.r.t ‘r’
fˡ() = + i
fˡ(z) = + i(0)
fˡ(z) = =
6) Show that f(x) = sinz is an analytical function everywhere in the complex plane
Solution : Given f(x) = sinz
f(x) = sin(x+iy)
f(x) = sinx cos(iy) + sin(iy) cosx
f(X) = sinx coshy + isinhy cosx
f(x) = u+iv
u = sinx coshy v= sinhy cosx
 = cosx coshy , = -sinx sinhy
= sinx sinhy, = coshy cosx
= & =- It is an analytical function

7) Test the analyticity of the function f(z) = (cosy+isiny) and find fˡ(z).
Solution : Given , f(z) = (cosy+isiny) = u+iv
u = cosy v = siny
= cosy , = siny
= - siny = cosy
= & =- It is an analytical function
f(z) = u+iv
fˡ(z) = +i = cosy + i siny
fˡ(z) = (cosy+isiny)
fˡ(z) = i =
fˡ(z) =
8) Determine P such that the function f(z) = log () + i be an analytical function.
Solution :
Given , f(z) = log () + i
It is an analytical function, It satisfies the C-R equation
u = log () v=
= 2x, =
= 2y
= px ()
= ()
=, similarly : =
By given f(z) is an analytical function, f(z) satisfies C-R equations.
=
=
Comparing the equations we get:
P = -1
9) Prove that function f(z) defined by f(z) = , z≠0 and f(0) is continues and C-R equations are satisfied at
the origin, yet fˡ(0) does not exist.
Solution : Given f(z) =
i) To show that f(z) is continuous at z=0
let f(z) = ( given f(0) = 0)
f(z) =
f(z) = x(1+i) = 0 = f(0)
f(z) is continuous
ii) To show that C-R equations are satisfied at origin
f(z) = = +
f(z) = u+iv
u= ,v=

=
= => = 1
=1
 =
= => -1 = -1
= -1
=
= = 1=1
=1
=
= = 1=1
=1
= & =-
C – R Equations are satisfied at origin

iii) To show that fˡ(z) does not exist at origin

fˡ(z) =
 fˡ(z) =
fˡ(z) =
fˡ(z) = = 1+i (Finite)

fˡ(z) Exists

At y = mx
fˡ(z) =
fˡ(z) =
fˡ(z) =
fˡ(z) =
fˡ(z) = (Infinite)
fˡ(z) depends upon the ‘m’ value, so that the fˡ(z) does not exist at origin
 Part – B
Laplace Equations
the equation of the form + = 0 or + =0

Harmonic Function
The function u and v are said to be harmonic, if it satisfies Laplace Equations
i.e + =0
or
+ =0
Milne – Thomson Method
When u is given find f(z) :
1) To find and
2) To find fˡ(z) = u+iv
Differentiate w.r.t ‘x’ we get
fˡ(z) = + i (From C-R equation)
fˡ(z) = - i
 = (,0)
= (,0)
fˡ(z) = (,0) - i(,0)
Integrate w.r.t ‘z’
f(z) = dz - i dz + c
When v is given find f(z):
1) To find and
2) To find f(z) = u+iv
Differentiate w.r.t ‘x’ , we get
fˡ(z) = + i (From C-R equation)
fˡ(z) = + i
= (,0)
= (,0)
fˡ(z) = (,0) + i(,0)
Integrate w.r.t ‘z’
f(z) = + i (,0) ]dz + c
1) Construct an analytical function f(z) when u = - 3x + 3x + 1 is given
Solution: = 3 - 3 +3
= - 6xy
By Milne Thomson Method
= (z,0) = 3 +3 f(z) =u+iv
= (,0) = -6(z) (0) = 0 fˡ(z) = + i
fˡ(z) = - i = (,0) - i(,0) = & =-
Integrate w.r.t ‘z’
f(z) = + i (,0) ] dz + c
f(z) = ) dz + c
f(z) = + 3z + c
f(z) = + 3z + c

2) Construct an analytical function f(z) when u = sinx coshy is given

Solution: = cosx sinhy
= sinx sinhy
By Milne Thomson Method
= (,0) = cosz(1) = cosz f(z) =u+iv
= (z,0) = sinz(0) = 0 fˡ(z) = + i
fˡ(z) = - i = (,0) - i(,0) = & =-
Integrate w.r.t ‘z’
f(z) = - i (,0) ] dz + c
f(z) = dz + c
f(z) = sinz + c

3) Find the analytical function f(z) = u+iv if u+v =

Solution: u+v =
f(z) = u+iv
if(z) = ui-v
(1 + i)f(z) = (u-v)+i(u+v)
f(z) = u+iv
Where F(z) = (1+i)f(z)
u+v = V
 =
=
=
= (,0)
= = =
=
= (,0) =

= (,0) =
(,0) = =
= =0
f(z) = u+iv
fˡ(z) = + i
fˡ(z) = + i
 f(z) = + i (,0) ] dz + c
f(z) = (i) dz+ c
f(z) = -i(-cotz) + c = i cotz + c
f(z) = i cot z + c
(1+i) f(z) =icotz + c
f(z) = cotz + =
f(z) = cotz +
f(z) = cotz +

4) Find the analytical function , whose real part is u = [(-

Solution: u = cosy - cosy – 2xy siny
= cosy + 2x cosy - cosy – 2y siny – 2xy siny
= = cos(0) + 2z cos(0) – 0 – 0 – 0
= = + 2z
= - siny + siny - 2y cosy – 2x siny – 2xy cosy
= =0+0-0–0=0
 f(z) = u+iv
fˡ(z) = + i
fˡ(z) = - i
f(z) = - i (,0) ] dz + c
f(z) = + 2z - 0) dz + c
f(z) = +2z)dz + c
f(z) = dz + dz

u= dv = dz
du = 2z dz v=
f(z) = - dz + dz + c
f(z) = + c
5) The analytical function whose imaginary part is v(x,y) = 2xy
Solution:
v = 2xy
= 2y = (,0) = 2(0) = 0
= 2x = (,0) = 2(z) = 2z
 f(z) = + i (,0) ] dz + c
f(z) = dz + c
f(z) = 2 + c
f(z) =

6) Find harmonic conjugate at u = cos2xy and also find f(z)

Solution : u = cos2xy
= cos2xy (2x) - sin2xy (2y)
) = cos0 (2z) - (0)
) = 2z
= cos2xy (-2y) - sin2xy (2x)
)=0–0
)=
f(z) = u+iv
fˡ(z) = + i
fˡ(z) = - i
 fˡ(z) = (,0) - i(,0)
f(z) = - i (,0) ] dz + c
f(z) = dz + c (put = t => 2z dz = dt)
f(z) = dt + c = + c
f(z) = + c
f(z) =
f(z) = + c
f(z) = + c
u+iv = [cos2xy+isin2xy] + c
u+iv = cos2xy + i e (sin2xy) + c
v = sin2xy + c

7) Find the analytical function f(z) such that Re[fˡ(z)] = 3 - 4y -3 and f(1+i) = 0.
Solution : Re[fˡ(z)] = 3 - 4y -3
f(z) = u+iv
fˡ(z) = + i
Re[fˡ(z)] =
 = 3 - 4y -3 = 3 - 4y -3
Integrate w.r.t ‘x’ we get Integrate w.r.t ‘y’ we get = & =-
u = - 4xy -3 x + f(y) v = 3 y - - + f(x)
u = - 4xy -3 x + f(y) v = 3 y - -2 + f(x)
Differentiate w.r.t ‘y’ we get Differentiate w.r.t ‘x’ we get
= - 4x - 6xy + fˡ(y) = 6xy + fˡ(x)

From C-R equations

=-
- 4x - 6xy + fˡ(y) = - 6xy - fˡ(x)
-4x + fˡ(y) = - fˡ(x )
Compare equation on both sides
i.e fˡ(x) = 4x , fˡ(y ) = 0
f(x) = f(y) = c
f(x) = + c
f(x) = 2 + c f(y) = c
 f(z) = u+iv
f(z) = [ - 4xy -3 x] + i [3 y - -2 ] + 2 + c
given f(1+i) = 0
f(z) = u+iv
z = x+iy = (1+i)
put x = 1, y = 1
f(z) = [1-4-3] + i[3-2-1] +2 +c
f(1+i) = 0 = -6 +2i +c
c = 6 – 2i
f(z) = [ - 4xy -3 x] + i [3 y - -2 ] + 2 + 6 – 2i

8) Find the analytic function f(z) = u+iv if u-v = (cosy – siny)

Solution:
f(z) = u+iv
i f (z) = iu-v
(1+i) f(z) = (u-v) + i (u+v)
f(z) = u+iv
u = u-v = (cosy – siny)
F(z) = (1+i) f(z)
 = cosy - siny = (,0) = - 0 =
= - siny - cosy = (,0) = 0 - = -
fˡ(z) = - i
f(z) = - i (,0) ] dz + c
f(z) = + i ) dz + c
f(z) =( + i ) + c
(1+i) f(z) = +i + c
f(z) = +
f(z) = + c

Harmonic Conjugate
1) Show that function u= 2xy+3y is harmonic and find harmonic conjugate.
Solution: u= 2xy+3y
= 2y = 2x+3
=0 =0
+ = 0 u satisfies laplace equation
‘u’ is a Harmonic function
 dv = dx + dy
dv = -(2x+3) dx + 2y dy
v = -(2x+3) dx + 2y dy
v = - (+3x) + + c
v = - + - 3x + c
2) Show that u = 2log (+ ) is harmonic and find its harmonic conjugate.
Solution: u = 2log (+ )
= 2 2x = 2 2y
= =
+ =
+ =0
dv = dx + dy
dv = - dx + dy
dv = dx + dy
 dv = (y dx – x dy)
v=-4 ]
v=-4)
v=-4)+c

d)= [ ]
d)= [ ]
d)=
d)=

3) Find f(z) if the imaginary part is cos2θ + r sinθ

Solution:
V = cos2θ + r sinθ
= 2r cos2θ + sinθ
= - 2 sin2θ + r cosθ
=
 = [- 2 sin2θ + r cosθ ]
= - 2r sin2θ + cosθ → ①
=
= - r [2r cos2θ + sinθ]
= - 2 cos2θ - r sinθ → ②
Integrate w.r.t ‘r’ , we get
u = - 2 θ + cosθ r +f(θ)
u = - θ + r cosθ +f(θ)
Differentiate w.r.t ‘θ’
= - 2 cos2θ - r sinθ + fˡ(θ) → ③
Compare the equations ② & ③
fˡ(θ) = 0
f(θ) = c
u = - sin2θ + r cosθ + c
f(z) = (- sin2θ + r cosθ + c )+i ( cos2θ + r sinθ )
4) Show that [ + ] [real = 2
Solution: f(z) = u+iv
real f(z) = u
[real =

= 2u
= 2u + 2 →①
Similarly ,
= 2u + 2 →②
Add equation ① & ②
[ + ] = 2 [ + ] + 2u [ + ]
[ + ]=2[ + ] { f(z) = u+iv => ) = - i
2 = + }

[ + ] [real = 2
5) If f(z) is analytical function with constant modulus ,then show that f(z) is constant.
Solution:
let f(z) is constant modulus
f(z) = u+iv
= = constant
=c
= =
Differentiate w.r.t ‘x’
2u + 2v = 0 → ①
Differentiate w.r.t ‘y’
2u + 2v = 0 → ②
By C-R equations
①  2u - 2v = 0 → ③
2u + 2v = 0 → ④
Multiply ③ * v  uv - = 0
④ * u  + uv = 0
Subtract then
uv - - - uv = 0
- (+)=0
+ ≠0
=0
u= =c
u=c
Similarly v = c
f(z) is constant
Conformal Mapping :
A transformation w = f (z) is said to be conformal if it preserves angel between
oriented curves in magnitude as well as in orientation.
Bilinear Transformation :
The transformation w = f(z) = is called the bilinear transformation or mobius
transformation. Where a,b,c,d are complex constants.

The method to find the bilinear transformation if three points and their images are given
as follows:
We know that we need four equations to find 4 unknowns. To find a bilinear
transformation we need three points and their images.
in cross ration, three are four points (w,, ,,) = (z,, , ,)
 =
Since we have to get w = , we take one point as ‘z’ and its image as ‘w’

Problems about bilinear transformation:

1) Find the bilinear transformation on which maps the points (-1, 0, 1) into the points (0,i,3i) in w-plane
Solution : In z-plane, = -1, = 0, = 1
In w-plane, = 0, = i, = 3i
In cross ration,
(w,0,i,3i) = (z,-1,0,1)
=
=
=
-2wi(1-z) = (z+1) [ - [i(3i-w)]]
-2wi + 2wiz = -[-3-wi](z+1)
-2wi + 2wiz = 3z + wiz + 3 +wi
-3wi + wiz = (3z + 3)
- w[i(3-z)] = z(z+1)
w=
2) Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points (α,i,0) in the z-plane into (0,i,α) in the w-plane.
Solution: In z-plane, = α = = [= 0], = i, = 0
In w-plane, = 0, = i, = = α = [= 0]
= =
=
= w= = w=
3) Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points (0,i,α) respectively into (0,1, α).
Solution: In z-plane, = 0 , = i, = = = = [= 0]
In w-plane, = 0, = 1, = = = α [= 0]
= =
=
=
w = - iz
Fixed point :
The transformation w =
The roots of this transformation are called fixed points or invariant points.
z= ( we know that w = f(z) )
z(cz+d) = az+b
c +dz = az+b
c +(d-a)z – b = 0
Problems:
1) Find the fixed points of the transformation w =
Solution: The roots of above transformation are called fixed points
put w = z
z=
z(z+1) = z-1
+z – z +1 = 0
+1 = 0
= -1
z=±i
fixed points ± i
2) The fixed points of the transformation w =
Solution: put w = z
z=
z(z+2) = (z-i+1) ( a =1, b =1, c =1-i)
+2z = z-i+I
+z+i-I = 0
z
z
&
3) Determine the bilinear transformation whose fixed points are 1,-1
Solution: Given fixed points are z = 1,-1
The roots of the transformation is w = are called fixed points put w = z
z=
+(d-a)z – b = 0
(z+1)(z-1) = 0
-1= 0 (c =1, d =0, a =0, b =1)
w= =
Problems on images:
1) Write the image of the triangle with vertices (i,1+i,1) in the z-plane under the transformation w = 3z+4-2i
Solution: y
in z-plane Transformation
z =i  x+iy = 0+i w= 3z+4-2i
(0,1) (1,1)
(x,y) = (0,1) w= 3(x+iy)+4-2i
z= 1+i  x+iy = 1+i u+iv = w
x
(x,y) = (1,1) u = 3x+4, v= 3y-2 (1,0)
z =1  x+iy = 1 z-plane
(x,y) = (1,0)
In w-plane: y
i) (x,y) = (0,1)  (u,v) = (4,1)
ii) (x,y) = (1,1)  (u,v) = (7,1)
iii) (x,y) = (1,0)  (u,v) = (7,-2) (4,1) (7,1)

Conclusion: x
(7,-2)
The image of the triangle whose vertices (i,1+i,1)
w-plane
is mapped as triangle whose vertices (4,1) ,(7,1), (7,-2)
in w-plane under the transformation
2) Find the image of the infinite strip 0 < y < under the transformation w =
Solution: In z –plane
the infinite strip between the lines y =0, y = .
Transformation:
w=
y
z=
x+iy =
y=
x+iy =
x= ,y=
In w –plane
0 x
Y=0
i) y = 0  0 = ii) y =  =
0 = -v = -2v z - plane
v=0
Conclusion:
The image of infinite strip 0 < y < is transferred as straight line (v=0) or circle under the transformation w =
3) Find the image of the region in the z-plane between the lines y = 0 and y = under the transformation w =
Solution: In z –plane
y
The lines are y =0, y =

y=
Transformation
w=
u+iv = = x
0 y=0
u+iv = [cosy+isiny]
z - plane
u = cosy v = siny
In w-plane v
i) y =0  u = , v = 0
u=0
ii) y =  u = 0, v =

u
0 v=0
Conclusion: w - plane
The image of the region lines y = 0 & y = are transferred as first quadrant in the w-plane under the
transformation w =
4) Show that transformation w = z + maps the circle = c into the eclipse u = (c + ) cosθ , v = (c - ) sinθ. Also discuss the case
when c = 1 in detail.
Solution: Z –plane Transformation
The circle = c w=z+
=c w=r+
=c u+iv = r(rcos + isin+ (rcos - isin)
= u+iv = (r+ ) cos + i(r- ) sin
u = (r+ ) cos v = (r- ) sin
w –plane
=c
=r ( r =c)
y
we know that + = 1
+ =1 =c
+ =1
x
 y
Case: When c = 1
=1 ,r=1 + =1
u =2 cos , v = 0
x
u+iv = 2 cos + i (0) 2 0
u=2 v=0
Conclusion:
The image of circle = c is transferred as eclipse + = 1 in w –plane and also the image of circle = 1 when c = 1 is
transferred as straight lines u =2 & v = 0 in w – plane under the transformation w = z + .

5) Discuss the transformation of w = sinz using example.

y
Solution: Transformation w = sinz
w = sin (x+iy) X =c
w = sinxcosiy + cosxsiniy
x
u+iv = sinxcoshy + icosxsinhy 0
u = sinxcoshy v = cosxsinhy

Example: In z –plane In w –plane

=1 ,x=c coshy = , sinhy =
+ =1
 hy - y = 1 y
- =1
put x = c - =1
- =1
- =1 x
Conclusion:
0
The image line x = c is transferred as hyperbola - = 1 in w – plane under the transformation w = sinz.

6) Discuss the transformation of w = cosz

Solution: Transformation on w = cosz
w = cos(x+iy) y
w = cosxcosiy – sinxsiniy
u+iv = cosxcoshy – isinxsinhy
y =c
u = cosxcoshy v = -sinxsinhy
x
In z-plane In w-plane 0
y=c cosx = , sinx = -
x+ =1
+ =1
 put y = c y
+ =1 + =1
+ =1
x

Conclusion:
The image of line y = c is transferred as ellipse + = 1 under the transformation w = cosz.