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Linear Algebra Formula Sheet

This document is a comprehensive linear algebra formula sheet covering key concepts such as vectors, matrices, determinants, inverses, systems of linear equations, vector spaces, linear transformations, eigenvalues, orthogonality, and special matrices. Each section provides essential formulas and definitions necessary for understanding and solving linear algebra problems. It serves as a quick reference guide for students and professionals in the field.

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Tanvee Bandekar
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29 views2 pages

Linear Algebra Formula Sheet

This document is a comprehensive linear algebra formula sheet covering key concepts such as vectors, matrices, determinants, inverses, systems of linear equations, vector spaces, linear transformations, eigenvalues, orthogonality, and special matrices. Each section provides essential formulas and definitions necessary for understanding and solving linear algebra problems. It serves as a quick reference guide for students and professionals in the field.

Uploaded by

Tanvee Bandekar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linear Algebra Formula Sheet

1. Vectors & Basic Operations


- Vector Addition: \vec{u} + \vec{v} = (u_1 + v_1, \dots, u_n + v_n)
- Scalar Multiplication: \alpha \vec{v} = (\alpha v_1, \dots, \alpha v_n)
- Dot Product: \vec{u} \cdot \vec{v} = \sum u_i v_i = \|\vec{u}\| \|\vec{v}\| \cos\theta
- Cross Product (3D): \vec{u} \times \vec{v} = (u_2v_3 - u_3v_2, \dots)
- Magnitude (Norm): \|\vec{v}\| = \sqrt{\vec{v} \cdot \vec{v}}
- Angle between vectors: \cos \theta = \frac{\vec{u} \cdot \vec{v}}{\|\vec{u}\|\|\vec{v}\|}
- Projection: \mathrm{proj}_{\vec{u}}\vec{v} = \left( \frac{\vec{u} \cdot \vec{v}}{\|\vec{u}\|^2} \right) \vec{u}

2. Matrices
- Matrix Addition: A + B = [a_{ij} + b_{ij}]
- Scalar Multiplication: \alpha A = [\alpha a_{ij}]
- Matrix Product: AB = [\sum_k a_{ik}b_{kj}]
- Transpose: (A^T)_{ij} = A_{ji}
- Identity Matrix: I_n \text{ such that } AI = IA = A
- Diagonal Matrix: \text{Only } a_{ii} \neq 0
- Trace: \mathrm{tr}(A) = \sum_i a_{ii}
- Symmetric Matrix: A = A^T
- Skew-Symmetric: A = -A^T

3. Determinants
- 2x2 Matrix: \det \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix} = ad - bc
- 3x3 Matrix: Rule of Sarrus or cofactor expansion
- Properties: \det(AB) = \det(A)\det(B), \det(A^T) = \det(A), A \text{ singular } \Rightarrow \det(A) = 0
- Cofactor: C_{ij} = (-1)^{i+j} \det(M_{ij})
- Adjugate: \text{adj}(A) = C^T

4. Inverses
- Inverse (2x2): A^{-1} = \frac{1}{\det(A)} \begin{bmatrix} d & -b \\ -c & a \end{bmatrix}
- General: A^{-1} = \frac{1}{\det(A)} \cdot \text{adj}(A)
- Property: A A^{-1} = A^{-1} A = I

5. Systems of Linear Equations


- Matrix Form: A\vec{x} = \vec{b}
- Gaussian Elimination: Row reduce to echelon form
- Gauss-Jordan Elimination: Reduce to RREF
- Cramer's Rule: x_i = \frac{\det(A_i)}{\det(A)} \text{ if } \det(A) \neq 0
- Consistency: \text{rank}(A) = \text{rank}([A | \vec{b}])
- Unique Solution: \text{rank}(A) = n

6. Vector Spaces
Linear Algebra Formula Sheet

- Span: Set of all linear combinations


- Linear Independence: c_1 \vec{v}_1 + \dots + c_n \vec{v}_n = 0 \Rightarrow c_i = 0
- Basis: Linearly independent set spanning a space
- Dimension: Number of vectors in a basis
- Null Space: \{ \vec{x} : A\vec{x} = 0 \}
- Column Space: \text{Span of columns of } A
- Rank: Dimension of column space
- Rank-Nullity Theorem: \text{rank}(A) + \text{nullity}(A) = n

7. Linear Transformations
- T is Linear: T(\vec{u} + \vec{v}) = T(\vec{u}) + T(\vec{v}), T(c\vec{v}) = cT(\vec{v})
- Matrix of T: T(\vec{x}) = A\vec{x}
- Kernel: \ker(T) = \{ \vec{x} : T(\vec{x}) = 0 \}
- Image: \text{Im}(T) = \{ T(\vec{x}) \}

8. Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors


- Characteristic Polynomial: \det(A - \lambda I) = 0
- Eigenvalue lambda: A\vec{v} = \lambda \vec{v}
- Eigenvector: A\vec{v} = \lambda \vec{v}, \vec{v} \ne 0
- Diagonalization: A = PDP^{-1}
- Power of A: A^k = PD^kP^{-1}

9. Orthogonality & Inner Product Spaces


- Inner Product: \langle \vec{u}, \vec{v} \rangle = \vec{u}^T \vec{v}
- Orthogonal Vectors: \langle \vec{u}, \vec{v} \rangle = 0
- Orthonormal Set: Orthogonal + Unit Norm
- Gram-Schmidt: Converts basis into orthonormal basis
- Projection: \text{proj}_W(\vec{v}) = A(A^TA)^{-1}A^T\vec{v}

10. Special Matrices & Advanced Concepts


- Orthogonal Matrix: Q^T = Q^{-1} \Rightarrow Q^T Q = I
- Symmetric Matrix: A = A^T
- Positive Definite: \vec{x}^T A \vec{x} > 0 \ \forall \vec{x} \neq 0
- SVD: A = U \Sigma V^T
- Pseudoinverse: A^+ = (A^TA)^{-1}A^T
- Jordan Form: Decomposes A into Jordan blocks
- Spectral Theorem: Symmetric A => diagonalizable with orthogonal matrix

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