CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTION

Method: [Milne – Thomson method]

(i) To find 𝑓 (𝑧) when u is given

Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥
= 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑖𝑣𝑦 [by C−R condition]
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule],
Where, C is a complex constant.
(ii) To find 𝑓 (𝑧) when v is given

Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥
= 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 [by C−R condition]
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫ 𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 ∫ 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule],
Where, C is a complex constant.
Example: Construct the analytic function 𝒇(𝒛) for which the real part is 𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚.
Solution:
Given 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦
⇒ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 [∴ cos 0 = 1]
⇒ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑥
⇒ 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 [∴ sin 0 = 0]
⇒ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 0
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule],
Where, C is a complex constant.
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 0 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
= 𝑒𝑧 + 𝐶
Example: Determine the analytic function 𝒘 = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 if 𝒖 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 (𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒚 −
𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒚)
Solution:
Given 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 cos 2𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 2𝑦)
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 [cos 2𝑦] + (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 2𝑦)[2 𝑒 2𝑥 ]
𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 2𝑧 [1]+[𝑧(1) − 0][2𝑒 2𝑧 ]
 = 𝑒 2𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑒 2𝑧
= (1 + 2𝑧)𝑒 2𝑥
𝑢𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 [− 2𝑥 sin 2𝑦 − (𝑦2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 + sin 2𝑦)]
𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 2𝑧 [−0 − (0 + 0)] = 0
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule],
Where, C is a complex constant.
𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫(1 + 2𝑧)𝑒 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 0 + 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
= ∫(1 + 2𝑧)𝑒 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
𝑒 2𝑧 𝑒 2𝑧
= (1 + 2𝑧) −2 + 𝐶 [∵ ∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′ 𝑣2 + 𝑢′′ 𝑣3 − ⋯ ]
2 4
𝑒 2𝑧 𝑒 2𝑧
= + 𝑧𝑒 2𝑧 − +𝐶
2 2

= 𝑧𝑒 2𝑧 + 𝐶
Example: Determine the analytic function where real part is
𝒖 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟏.
Solution:
Given 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 1
𝑢𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑥
⇒ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 3𝑧 2 − 0 + 6𝑧
𝑢𝑦 = 0 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 0 − 6𝑦
⇒ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 0
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule],
Where, C is a complex constant.
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫(3𝑧 2 + 6𝑧)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 0 + 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
𝑧2 𝑧2
=3 +6 +𝐶
3 2

= 𝑧 3 + 3𝑧 2 + 𝐶
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
Example: Determine the analytic function whose real part in 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝟐𝒚−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙

Solution:
sin 2𝑥
Given 𝑢 = cosh 2𝑦−cos 2𝑥
(cosh 2y−cos 2x)[2 cos 2x]−sin 2x[2 sin 2x]
𝑢𝑥 =
[cosh 2𝑦−cos 2𝑥]2

(1 − cos 2z)(2 cos 2z)−2sin2 2z

𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = [cosh 0−cos 2𝑧]2
 2 cos 2z−2 cos2 2z−2sin2 2z
= (1 − cos 2𝑧)2

2 cos 2z−2[cos2 2z+sin2 2z]

=
(1 − cos 2𝑧)2
2 cos 2z−2
= (1 − cos 2𝑧)2
−2(1−cos 2z)
= (1 − cos 2𝑧)2
2 cos 2z−2
=
(1 − cos 2𝑧)
−2
= 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2

= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧
(cosh 2y−cos 2x) (0) − sin 2x[2 sin 2y]
𝑢𝑦 = [cosh 2𝑦−cos 2𝑥]2

⇒ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 0
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule],
where C is a complex constant.
𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 0 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
= 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑧 + 𝐶
𝟏
Example: Show that the function 𝒖 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) is harmonic and determine its

conjugate. Also find 𝒇(𝒛)

Solution:
1
Given 𝑢 = 2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
1 1 𝑥
𝑢𝑥 = 2 (𝑥 2+𝑦 2 ) (2𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 ,
𝑧 1
⇒ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑧 2 = 𝑧
(𝑥 2+𝑦 2)[1]−𝑥[2𝑥] 𝑥 2+𝑦 2−2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2
𝑢𝑥𝑥 = = = [𝑥 2 +𝑦 2]2 . . . (1)
[𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ]2 [𝑥 2+𝑦 2 ]2
1 1 𝑦
𝑢𝑦 = 2 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 (2𝑦) = 𝑥 2+𝑦 2

⇒ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 0
(𝑥 2+𝑦 2)[1]−𝑦[2𝑦] 𝑥 2−𝑦 2
𝑢𝑦𝑦 = = [𝑥 2+𝑦 2]2 . . . (2)
[𝑥 2+𝑦 2]2

To prove u is harmonic:
(𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 )+(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )
∴ 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = =0 𝑏𝑦 (1)&(2)
[𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ]2

⇒ 𝑢 is harmonic.
To find 𝒇(𝒛):
 𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule],
Where, C is a complex constant.
1
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 0 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑧 + 𝐶
To find 𝒗 :
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) [∵ 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ]
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = log 𝑟 + log 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = log 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟, 𝑣 = 𝜃
Note: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
𝑟 = |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1
log 𝑟 = 2 log( 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑦
tan 𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 ) 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 )

Example: Construct an analytic function 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗, given that

𝟐 −𝒚𝟐
𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙𝒚. Hence find v.
Solution:
2−𝑦 2 2 2
Given 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑦 cos 2𝑥𝑦
2 2 2
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑦 [𝑒 𝑥 (−2𝑦 sin 2𝑥𝑦) + cos 2𝑥𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥]
2 2 2
𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 1[𝑒 𝑧 (0) + 2𝑧𝑒 𝑧 ] = 2𝑧𝑒 𝑧
2 2 2
𝑢𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑒 −𝑦 (−2𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑦) + cos 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 (−2𝑦)]
2
𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 [0 + 0] = 0
𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule]
2
= ∫ 2𝑧 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
2
= 2 ∫ 𝑧 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
put 𝑡 = 𝑧 2 , dt= 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶
= 𝑒𝑡 + 𝐶
2
𝑓 (𝑧 ) = 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝐶
To find 𝒗 ∶
2 2−𝑦 2 +𝑖 2−𝑦 2
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑒 (𝑥+𝑖𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
= 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 𝑖2 𝑥𝑦
 2−𝑦 2
= 𝑒𝑥 [cos(2𝑥𝑦) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥𝑦)]
2−𝑦 2
𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥 sin 2𝑥𝑦 [∵equating the imaginary parts]
Example: Find the regular function whose imaginary part is
𝒆−𝒙 (𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 + 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚).
Solution:
Given 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑦 sin 𝑦)
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [cos 𝑦] + (𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑦 sin 𝑦)[−𝑒 −𝑥 ]
𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 −𝑧 + (𝑧)(−𝑒 −𝑧 ) = (1 − 𝑧)𝑒 −𝑧
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 [−𝑥 sin 𝑦 + (𝑦 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 (1))]
𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 −𝑧 [0 + 0 + 0] = 0
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫ 𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 ∫ 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule]
Where, C is a complex constant.
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 0𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 ∫(1 − 𝑧)𝑒 −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
= 𝑖 ∫(1 − 𝑧)𝑒 −𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
𝑒 −𝑧 𝑒 −𝑧
= 𝑖 [(1 − 𝑧) [ −1 ] − (−1) [(−1)2]] + 𝐶

= 𝑖 [−(1 − 𝑧)𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝑒 −𝑧 ] + 𝐶
= 𝑖𝑧𝑒 −𝑧 + 𝐶
𝑦
Example: In a two dimensional flow, the stream function is 𝜓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (𝑥 ). Find the

velocity potential 𝝋.
Solution:
Given 𝜓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦/𝑥)
We should denote, 𝜙 by u and 𝜓by v
∴ 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦/𝑥)
1 −𝑦 −𝑦 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 0
𝑣𝑥 = 1+(𝑦/𝑥)2 [ 𝑥 2 ] = 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 ,
1 1
𝑣𝑦 = 1+(𝑦/𝑥)2 [𝑥] = 𝑥 2+𝑦 2
𝑥 𝑧 1
𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 2
=
𝑧 𝑧
∴ 𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫ 𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 ∫ 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
1
𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 ∫ 0 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 = log 𝑧 + 𝐶

To find 𝝋:
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) [∵ 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ]
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = log 𝑟 + log 𝑒 𝑖𝜃
 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = log 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃
⇒ 𝑢 = log 𝑟 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
1
= 2 log( 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

So, the velocity potential 𝜑 is

1
𝜑 = 2 log( 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

Example: If 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 is an analytic function and 𝒖 − 𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚), find

𝒇(𝒛) interms of 𝒛.
Solution:
Given 𝑢 − 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦), . . . (𝐴)
Differentiate (A) p.w.r. to x, we get
𝑢𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦),
𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 . . . (1)
Differentiate (A) p.w.r. to y, we get
𝑢𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (− sin 𝑦 − cos 𝑦)
𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 [−1]
i. e., 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑣𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = −𝑒 𝑧
−𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = −𝑒 𝑧 . . . (2) [by C−R conditions]
(1) + (2) ⇒ −2𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 0
⇒ 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 0
(1) ⇒ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧
𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖 ∫ 𝑣𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule]
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑖0 + 𝐶
= 𝑒𝑧 + 𝐶
Example: Find the analytic functions 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 given that
(i) 𝟐𝒖 + 𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚)
(ii) 𝒖 − 𝟐𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚)
Solution:
Given (i) 2𝑢 + 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦) . . . (𝐴)
Differentiate (A) p.w.r. to x, we get
2𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦)
2𝑢𝑥 − 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦) [by C−R condition]
 2𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 . . . (1)
Differentiate (A) p.w.r. to y, we get
2𝑢𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 [− sin 𝑦 − cos 𝑦]
2𝑢𝑦 + 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 [− sin 𝑦 − cos 𝑦] [by C−R condition]
2𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) + 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 (−1) = −𝑒 𝑧 . . . (2)
(1) × (2) ⇒ 4𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) − 2𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 2𝑒 𝑧 . . . (3)
(2) + (3) ⇒ 5𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧
1
⇒ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = 5 𝑒 𝑧
2 3
(1) ⇒ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒𝑧 − 𝑒𝑧 = − 5 𝑒𝑧
5
3
⇒ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = − 5 𝑒 𝑧

𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule]

Where, C is a complex constant.
1 3
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 5 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ − 5 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
2 3
= 𝑒 𝑧 + 5 𝑖𝑒 𝑧 + 𝐶
5
1+3𝑖
= 𝑒𝑧 + 𝐶
5

(ii) 𝑢 − 2𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦) . . . (𝐵)

Differrentiate (B) p.w.r. to x, we get
𝑢𝑥 − 2𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦)
𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑢𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦) [by C−R condition]
𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) + 2𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧 . . . (1)
Differentiate (B) p.w.r. to y, we get
𝑢𝑦 − 2𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 [− sin 𝑦 − cos 𝑦]
𝑢𝑦 − 2𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 [− sin 𝑦 − cos 𝑦] [by C−R condition]
𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) − 2𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = −𝑒 𝑧 . . . (2)
(1) × (2) ⇒ 2𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) + 4𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 2𝑒 𝑧 . . . (3)
(2) + (3) ⇒ 5𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 𝑒 𝑧
1
⇒ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0) = 5 𝑒 𝑧
2
(1) ⇒ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0) = − 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑧
5
3
= 5 𝑒𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑢𝑥 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 𝑢𝑦 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶 [by Milne−Thomson rule]
Where, C is a complex constant.
3 1
𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 5 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 ∫ 5 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + 𝐶
3 1 3−𝑖
= 𝑒𝑧 − 𝑖 5 𝑒𝑧 + 𝐶 = 𝑒𝑧 + 𝐶
5 5