English 10

Quarter 4, Module 1
Technical Terms Used
in Research

MELC-based Video Lesson

 Most Essential Learning
Competency:
Distinguish technical terms
used in research
EN10V-IVa-30
 R______H
 an art of scientific investigation
 a careful and detailed study into a specific problem,
concern, or issue using the scientific method
 regarded as a systematic effort to gain new knowledge
 a careful investigation or enquiry especially through
search for new facts in any branch of knowledge
(dictionary meaning)
 RESEARCH
 an art of scientific investigation
 a careful and detailed study into a specific problem,
concern, or issue using the scientific method
 regarded as a systematic efforts to gain new
knowledge
 a careful investigation or enquiry especially through
search for new facts in any branch of knowledge
(dictionary meaning)
 RESEARCH
is an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMATIC
way of FINDING ANSWERS to QUESTIONS.

SYSTEMATIC because there is a definite set of procedures and steps which you will follow.
There are certain things in the research process which are always done in order to get the most
accurate results.

ORGANIZED in that there is a structure or method in going about doing research. It is a

planned procedure, not a spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific scope.

FINDING ANSWERS is the end of all research. Whether it is the answer to a hypothesis or
even a simple question, research is successful when we find answers. Sometimes the answer is
no, but it is still an answer.

QUESTIONS are central to research. If there is no question, then the answer is of no use.
Research is focused on relevant, useful, and important questions. Without a question, research
has no focus, drive, or purpose.
 R______H P___R

 a piece of academic writing that provides

analysis, interpretation, and argument
based on in-depth independent research
 RESEARCH PAPER

 a piece of academic writing that provides

analysis, interpretation, and argument
based on in-depth independent research
 A______T

 a short summary of your completed research

 intended to describe your work without going

into detail
 should be self-contained and concise,
explaining your work as briefly and clearly as
possible
 ABSTRACT

 a short summary of your completed research

 intended to describe your work without going

into detail
 should be self-contained and concise,
explaining your work as briefly and clearly as
possible
 I__________N
 The next part after the title and abstract.
 It leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of
inquiry.
 It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research
being conducted by:
 summarizing current understanding and background
information about the topic
 stating the purpose of the work in the form of the research
problem supported by a hypothesis or a set of questions
 explaining briefly the methodological approach used to examine
the research problem
 highlighting the potential outcomes your study can reveal
 outlining the remaining structure and organization of the paper
 INTRODUCTION
 The next part after the title and abstract.
 It leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular topic of
inquiry.
 It establishes the scope, context, and significance of the research
being conducted by:
 summarizing current understanding and background
information about the topic
 stating the purpose of the work in the form of the research
problem supported by a hypothesis or a set of questions
 explaining briefly the methodological approach used to examine
the research problem
 highlighting the potential outcomes your study can reveal
 outlining the remaining structure and organization of the paper
 L________E
R____W

 provides an overview of sources you have explored

including books, scholarly articles, and any other
sources relevant to a particular issue, area of
research, or theory to demonstrate to your readers
how your research fits within a larger field of study

 provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing

you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in
the existing research
LITERATURE REVIEW
 provides an overview of sources you have explored
including books, scholarly articles, and any other
sources relevant to a particular issue, area of
research, or theory to demonstrate to your readers
how your research fits within a larger field of study

 provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing

you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in
the existing research
 H________S

 a statement of expectation or prediction

that will be tested by research
 commonly known as the researcher’s
intellectual guess or wild guess about
the possible result of the study
 HYPOTHESIS

 a statement of expectation or prediction

that will be tested by research
 commonly known as the researcher’s
intellectual guess or wild guess about
the possible result of the study
HYPOTHESIS vs. HYPOTHESE
(singular) (plural)
S
Sample Hypothesis

Quality of sleep affects academic performance.

Sample Hypothesis

People exposed to high levels of ultraviolet light

have a higher incidence of cancer than the norm.
 M_________Y

 The systematic method to resolve a research

problem through data gathering using various
techniques, providing an interpretation of data
gathered, and drawing conclusions about the
research data.
 METHODOLOGY

 The systematic method to resolve a research

problem through data gathering using various
techniques, providing an interpretation of data
gathered, and drawing conclusions about the
research data.
 METHODOLOGY
AIM: To ensure valid and reliable results that address
the research aims and objectives.

It is where the researcher will decide:

 What data to collect (and what data to ignore)
 Who to collect it from (in research, this is called “sampling design”)
 How to collect it (this is called “data collection methods”)
 How to analyze it (this is called “data analysis methods”)
 P________N

 The entire group that you want to draw conclusions

about.

 In research, it doesn’t always refer to people.

 It can mean a group containing elements of anything

you want to study, such as objects, events,
organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.
 POPULATION

 The entire group that you want to draw conclusions

about.

 In research, it doesn’t always refer to people.

 It can mean a group containing elements of anything

you want to study, such as objects, events,
organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.
 S____E

 a smaller part or subgroup of the population

 The specific group within a population that you will

collect data from.

 The group of individuals who will participate in your

study. They are the ones who will answer surveys or
interviews.
 SAMPLE

 a smaller part or subgroup of the population

 The specific group within a population that you will

collect data from.

 The group of individuals who will participate in your

study. They are the ones who will answer surveys or
interviews.
Why is there a need for SAMPLING?
 Reasons for SAMPLING…

 NECESSITY
Sometimes it’s simply not
possible to study the whole
population due to its size or
inaccessibility.
 Reasons for SAMPLING…

 PRACTICALITY
It’s easier and more efficient
to collect data from a sample.
 Reasons for SAMPLING…

 COST-EFFECTIVENESS
There are fewer participants,
laboratory equipment, and
researcher costs involved.
 Reasons for SAMPLING…

 MANAGEABILITY
Storing and running statistical
analyses on smaller datasets
is easier and reliable.
 Respondents Participants Subjects
• participate and answer questions
• answer (respond/reply to) • the people in the researcher's
in qualitative studies (eg.
questionnaires experiment
interviews and focus groups).
• usually quantitative • usually in quantitative research
• generally gives much more detailed
research answers than a respondent would
in a survey
 V______E

 any factor, trait, or condition that can be

manipulated, controlled for, or measured
in an experiment
 VARIABLE

 any factor, trait, or condition that can be

manipulated, controlled for, or measured
in an experiment
 VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
• The variable that responds to the
• The variable in an experiment that is
changes.
changed or manipulated.
• The variable being tested and
 assumed to have a direct effect on
measured.
the dependent variable
• 'dependent' on the independent
variable
Hypothesis: Quality of sleep affects academic performance.

VARIABLES

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT

affects

Quality of Sleep Academic Performance

 RESEARCH
I________T
 any tool that you may use to collect or obtain
data, measure data, and analyze data that is
relevant to the subject of your research
 The format may consist of:
 questionnaires
 surveys
 interviews
 checklists
 simple tests
 RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
 any tool that you may use to collect or obtain
data, measure data, and analyze data that is
relevant to the subject of your research
 The format may consist of:
 questionnaires
 surveys
 interviews
 checklists
 simple tests
What makes a
good Research
Instrument?
 A good research instrument is one that has been validated
and has proven reliability. It should be one that can collect
data in a way that’s appropriate to the research question being
asked.

 The research instrument must be able to assist in answering

the research aims, objectives and research questions, as well
as prove or disprove the hypothesis of the study.

 It should not have any bias in the way that data is correct and
it should be clear as to how the research instrument should be
used appropriately.
Q___________E

 the main instrument for collecting data in

survey research

 Basically, it is a set of standardized questions,

often called items, which follow a fixed scheme
in order to collect individual data about one or
more specific topics.
 QUESTIONNAIRE

 the main instrument for collecting data in

survey research

 Basically, it is a set of standardized questions,

often called items, which follow a fixed scheme
in order to collect individual data about one or
more specific topics.
 D__A

 any information that has been collected,

observed, generated, or created to
validate original research findings
 DATA

 any information that has been collected,

observed, generated, or created to
validate original research findings
 R_____S

 The section of a research paper where

the authors provide the data collected
during their study.
 RESULTS
(Findings)

 The section of a research paper where

the authors provide the data collected
during their study.
 D________N

 The section of a research paper whose purpose is to

interpret and describe the significance of your
findings in light of what was already known about
the research problem being investigated;

 and to explain any new understanding or insights that

emerged as a result of your study of the problem.
 DISCUSSION

 The section of a research paper whose purpose is to

interpret and describe the significance of your
findings in light of what was already known about
the research problem being investigated;

 and to explain any new understanding or insights that

emerged as a result of your study of the problem.
 Objectives of the DISCUSSION
1. Reiterate the Research Problem/State the major findings.
2. Explain the meaning of the findings and why they are important.
3. Relate the findings to similar studies.
4. Consider alternative explanations of the findings.
5. Acknowledge the study’s limitations.
6. Make suggestions for further research.
 C________N

 intended to help the readers understand why your

research should matter to them after they have
finished reading the paper

 not merely a summary of your points or a re-

statement of your research problem but a synthesis
of key points
 CONCLUSION

 intended to help the readers understand why your

research should matter to them after they have
finished reading the paper

 not merely a summary of your points or a re-

statement of your research problem but a synthesis
of key points
CONCLUSION
Several key goals:
 Restate the research problem addressed in the paper

 Summarize your overall arguments or findings

 Suggest the key takeaways from your paper

 R_______E

 The last page of a research paper that lists all

the sources you used in your study.

 It gives credit to authors you have consulted

for their ideas.
 REFERENCE

 The last page of a research paper that lists all

the sources you used in your study.

 It gives credit to authors you have consulted

for their ideas.
 A______X

 serves as a space for materials that help clarify

your research, but do not belong in the main
text

 This is where the researchers attach a copy of

their research instrument such as interview
transcripts, questionnaires, or surveys.
 APPENDIX

 serves as a space for materials that help clarify

your research, but do not belong in the main
text

 This is where the researchers attach a copy of

their research instrument such as interview
transcripts, questionnaires, or surveys.