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L05.Practical Transformer

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Ravindu Sanjana
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17 views26 pages

L05.Practical Transformer

Uploaded by

Ravindu Sanjana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Practical Transformers

Features of practical Transformers

• The windings of practical transformers have resistance, and the cores are not infinitely permeable.

• Furthermore, the flux produced by the primary is not completely captured by the secondary.

• Consequently, the leakage flux must be taken into account. And finally, the iron cores produce eddy-current and
hysteresis losses, which contribute to the temperature rise of the transformer.

Ideal transformer with an imperfect core


The values of the impedances R m and Xm can be found
experimentally by connecting the transformer to an ac source
under no-load conditions and measuring the active power and
reactive power it absorbs. The following equations then apply

An imperfect core is represented by a reactance Xm and a resistance Rm.

Phasor diagram of a practical transformer at no-load.


Ideal transformer with loose coupling

Transformer with an infinitely Mutual fluxes and leakage fluxes are produced by a A transformer possesses two leakage
permeable core at no-load. transformer under load. The leakage fluxes are due to the fluxes and a mutual flux.
imperfect coupling between the coils.

We now assume a transformer has a perfect core but rather loose coupling between its primary and secondary windings. We also assume that the primary and
secondary windings have negligible resistance and that the turns are N1, N2.
Primary and secondary leakage reactance

Separating the various induced voltages due to the mutual flux and the leakage fluxes.

Resistance and leakage reactance of the primary and secondary windings.


Complete equivalent circuit of a practical transformer. The shaded box T is an ideal transformer.
Construction of a power transformer

Construction of a simple transformer. Stacking laminations inside a coil. The Primary winding of a large
transformer; rating 128 kV,
290 A.
Polarity tests

Determining the polarity of a transformer using an ac source.

1. Connect the high-voltage winding to a low-voltage (say 120 V) ac source Eg.


2. Connect a jumper J between any two adjacent HV and LV terminals.
3. Connect a voltmeter Ex between the other two adjacent HV and LV terminals.
4. Connect another voltmeter E p across the HV winding. If E x gives a higher reading than Ep, the polarity is additive. This
tells us that H 1 and X 1 are diagonally opposite. On the other hand, if E x gives a lower reading than E p , the polarity is
subtractive, and terminals H 1 and X 1 are adjacent.
Transformer taps

Distribution transformer with taps at 2400 V, 2292 V,


2184 V, and 2076 V.
Losses and transformer rating
• Like any electrical machine, a transformer has losses. They are composed of the following:

• The losses appear in the form of heat and produce 1) an increase in temperature and 2) a drop in efficiency.
Under normal operating conditions, the efficiency of transformers is very high; it may reach 99.5 percent for
large power transformers.

• The power rating of a transformer is equal to the product of the nominal voltage times the nominal current of
the primary or secondary winding.

• However, the result is not expressed in watts, because the phase angle between the voltage and current may
have any value at all, depending on the nature of the load. Consequently, the power-handling capacity of a
transformer is expressed in volume-amperes (VA), in kilovolt amperes (kVA), or in mega-volt amperes
(MVA), depending on the size of the transformer.
• The temperature rise of a transformer is directly related to the apparent power that flows through it. This means
that a 500kVA transformer will get just as hot feeding a 500 kvar inductive load as a 500kW resistive load.
No-load saturation curve
• Let us gradually increase the voltage Ep on the primary transformer, with the secondary open-circuited. As the
voltage rises, the mutual flux increases in direct proportion. Exciting current Io will therefore increase but,
when the iron begins to saturate, the magnetizing current Im has to increase very steeply to produce the
required flux.

No-load saturation curve of a 167 kVA, 14.4 kV/480 V,


60 Hz transformer.
Cooling methods
• Dry vs Oil-Type Transformers
Oil and air are the primary cooling materials used in a transformer.
• Dry-type transformers are normally cooled by air. The following two transformer cooling methods are adopted
in dry-type transformers.

Air Natural (AN) cooling – Cooled by surrounding air. Heat transfer by natural air convection.
Air Force (AF) cooling – Forced air circulation using fans and blowers.

• Oil-type transformers are cooled using oil-air cooling or oil-water cooling method. There is a wider range of
cooling methods for oil-type transformers.

1. (Mineral) Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN) – The core and coils are cooled by surrounding oil. Heat
transfer of oil by natural air convection.
2. (Non-Mineral) Oil Natural Air Natural (KNAN) – The core and coils are cooled by surrounding in
synthetic oil. Heat transfer of oil by natural air convection.
3. Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF) – Cooled by surrounding in oil. Forced air circulation using pumps, fans,
and blowers.
4. Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF) – Forced oil and air circulation using fans and blowers.
5. Oil Natural Water Forced (ONWF) – Cooled by surrounding in oil. Forced water circulation using heat
exchanges.
6. Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF) – Forced oil and water circulation using oil-to-water heat exchanges.
Voltage regulation
Measuring transformer impedances
Thank you

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