D.A.V. PUBLIC SCHOOL, B.S.E.B.

COLONY

PHYSICS PROJECT

SESSION: 2024-25

TOPIC: TRANSFORMER

NAME-PIYUSH KUMAR
CLASS-12 BIO B
ROLL NO:
SUBJECT TEACHER: MR.A.K JHA
 CERTIFICATE
It is to certify that PIYUSH KUMAR of class XII
BB, Roll no. _______________ , DAV PUBLIC
SCHOOL has completed his project file under
my supervision. he has taken proper care and
shown utmost sincerity in completion of his
project.
I certify that his project is upto my
expectations as per the guidelines issued by
CBSE.

TEACHER-A. K JHA
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher working on this project I
came to know about so many new things.
Secondary I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.

PIYUSHKUMAR
ROLL:
CLASS-12 BIO B
 INDEX

• INTRODUCTION
• PRINCIPLE
• CONSTRUCTION
• THEORY AND WORKING
• EFFICIENCY
• ENERGY LOSS
• USES
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
A transformer is one of the most common devices
found in electrical system that links the circuit which
are operating at different voltages. These are
commonly used in applications where there is a need
of AC voltage conversion from one voltage level to
another.
It is possible either to decrease or increase the voltage
and currents by the use of transformer in AC equipment
or device or load. Various applications use wide variety
of transformers including power, instrumentation and
pulse transformers.
In a broad, transformers are categorized into two types,
namely, electronic transformers and power transformer.
Electronic transformers operation voltages are very low
and are rated at low power levels. These are used in
consumer electronic equipment like televisions,
personal computers, CD/DVD players, and other
devices.
The term power transformer is referred to the
transformers with high power and voltage ratings.
These are extensively used in power generation,
transmission. Distribution and utility systems to
increase or decrease the voltage levels. However, the
operation involved in these two types of transformers
is same.
 PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMERS

A transformer is based on the principle

of mutual induction, i.e., whenever the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a
coil changes, an EMF is induced in the
neighboring coil.
 CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of primary and secondary

coils insulated from each other, wound on a soft
iron core.
To minimize eddy current a laminated iron core is
used. The AC input is applied across the primary
coil. The continuously varying magnetic flux in the
primary coil, which in turn produces a varying
magnetic flux in the secondary. Hence, an induced
EMF is produced across the secondary.

Let EP and ES be the induced EMF in the primary

and secondary coils and NP and NS be the
number of turns in the primary and secondary
coils respectively. Since same flux links with the
primary and secondary, the EMF induced per turn
of the two coils must be the same.
 THEORY & WORKING
The working of the transformer is explained below. The
transformer consists of two separate windings placed
over the laminated silicon steel core.

The winding to which AC supply is connected is called

primary winding and to which load is connected is called
secondary winding as shown in the fig. below. It works
on the alternating current only because an alternating
flux is required for mutual induction between the two
windings.
When the AC supply is given to the primary winding
with a voltage of v1, an alternating flux sets up in the
core of the transformer, which links with the secondary
winding and as a result of it, an EMF is induced in it
called Mutually induced EMF. The direction on this
induced EMF is opposite to the applied voltage v1; this
is because of Lenz’s law.
Physically, there is no electrical connection between
the two windings, but they are magnetically
connected. Therefore, the electrical power is
transferred from the primary circuit to the
secondary circuit through mutual inductance. The
induced EMF in the primary and secondary coil
depends upon the rate of change of flux linkage i.e.,
(Nd/dt). d/dt is the change of flux and is same for
both the primary and secondary coils. The induced
EMF in the primary winding is directly proportional
to the number of turns of primary coil. Similarly,
induced EMF in the secondary coil directly
proportional to the number of turns in the
secondary coil.
 TRANSFROMER ON DC SUPPLY:-
As discussed above, the transformer works on AC
supply, and it cannot work on DC supply. If the rated
dc voltage is applied across the primary coil, a
constant magnitude flux will set up in the core of
the transformer and hence there will be no
self-induced EMF generation, and as for the linkage
of flux with the secondary coil there must be
alternating flux not a constant flux.
 ACCORDING TO OHM’S LAW:-

PRIMARY CURRENT = DC APPLIED

VOLTAGE RESISTANCE OF PRIMARY COIL

than the rated full loaded primary coil current.

Hence, as a result, the amount of heat
produced will be greater and therefore eddy
current loss will be more. Because of this, the
insulations of the primary coil will get burnt,
and the transformer will be damaged.

TURN RATION:-

It is defined as the ratio of no of turns in the

primary coil to that of the secondary coil.

Turn ratio = N1/N2 If N 2>N 1 the

transformer is called step up
transformer.

If N 2<N 1 the transformer is called step

down transformer.
TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY

The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the

ratio of useful output power to the input power. The
input and output power are measured in the same
unit. Its unit is either in Watts (W) or KW.
Transformer efficiency is denoted by η.
 ENERGY LOSSES IN A
TRANSFORMER

Even though transformers are very efficient machines,

they do result in small energy losses due to four main
causes:
The resistance of windings - The low resistance copper
cable used for the windings remains resistant and thus
leads to heat loss. In order to minimize this loss thick
wires with considerably low resistance are used.

Leakage of flux- If the core design is not good then the

flux produced by the primary coil may not all be
connected to the secondary coil. This can be reduced by
considering the core of shell type.

Eddy currents loss- The varying magnetic field not

only induces secondary coil currents but also iron
core currents themselves. In the iron core, these
currents flow in small circles and are termed as eddy
currents. The eddy current loss can be minimized by
considering the laminated core.
Hysteresis- This is because of the repeated iron core
magnetization and demagnetization induced by the
alternating input current. By using alloys such as silicon
steel, this can be reduced.
 USES OF TRANSFORMER

Power Transformers: These kinds of transformers

are used for high voltage power transfer
applications (more than 33 KV). They are usually
bigger in size and can occupy larger space.

Distribution Transformers: These types of

transformers are used to distribute the generated
power to distant locations. It is used for
distributing electricity at low voltage that is less
than 33 KV in industry or 220-440 V for
household purposes.
Measurement Transformers: This kind of uses of
transformer helps in measuring voltage, current,
and power, etc.

According to the place of use, transformers

are classified into:

Indoor Transformers: These are covered with roof

sand shelters just like the industry types.

Outdoor Transformers: These are mainly kept

outside and are used as distribution type
transformers.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

i. www.wikipedia.c
om
ii. www.vedantu.co
m
iii. www.byjus.com
iv. www.quora.com
v. www.phy12.com
vi. www.scribd.com