NEED FOR PLAN

• Urban planning is the process of developing and

designing urban areas. Encompassed in that process is
the use of open land, air, water, and the built
environment, including buildings, transportation,
economic and social functions.

• A plan is prepared either for improvement of existing

town for development of new town.

• A plan aims at controlling the future growth of a town

along preconceived and predetermined paths

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 OBJECTIVES OF PLAN

• It aims at intelligent and economic spending of the public funds for

achieving welfare of the inhabitants in respect of amenity, convenience
and health.
• It arranges the pattern of a town in such a way so as to satisfy the
present requirements without compromising the improvements for future
generations.
• It helps in restricting the haphazard and unplanned growth.
• It places various functions which a town has to perform in physical
relationships of each other so as to avoid the chances of mutual
conflicts.
• It removes the defects of unco-ordinated physical growth of the various
components of town due to the fact that it considers the entire city area
as planning and development entity.
• It serves a guide to the planning body for making any recommendations
for public improvements.
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 Global Concern for Local Action

• The United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio Summit/Rio
Conference/Earth Summit held in Rio-de-Janeiro in June
1992.

• Rio Summit developed a consensus to promote local actions

which have specific role for local governments with the overall
understanding that national issues have local solutions.

• Urban Local Governments (ULGs) across the countries

have acquired specific powers and functions in the areas of
environment, social and economic development, slum
upgrdation and comprehensive planning, etc.

A comprehensive plan is a land use document that provides

the framework and policy direction for land use decisions.
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Global Concern & Indian Decentralization

• ULGs hold the key to achieve national objectives for social

and economic development.

• Global policies have concentrated on decentralization and

empowerment of Urban Local Government.

• India has made special efforts to decentralize power to

strengthen local governments.

• The 74th Constitution Amendment Act (CAA), 1992 –

guided the urban sector in India to decentralize the powers
and administration upto grassroot level.

• 74th CAA initiated a historic reform in Urban India to

strengthen political process at local level.

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 Urban Development Planning

• 74th CAA, 1992 demands devolution of planning function

to local authorities and involvement of people in the
planning process; administratively and professionally it is
expected that the system should provide for a long-term
policy plan, a mid-term comprehensive plan further
integrated with budgetary process and divided into
projects for implementation, monitoring and review.
• In the spirit of 74 CAA, 1992, Urban Development Plan
Formulation and Implementation (UDPFI) Guidelines,
prepared by the Institute of Town Planner, India (ITPI), in
1996 (under the Union Ministry of Urban Affairs &
Employment)

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 Urban Development Planning

• Urban Development Planning System consists of a set

of inter-related types of plans

• Perspective Plan (for regional plan and master plan/ development

plan)
• Regional Plan
• Master Plan or Development Plan
• Zonal Plan
• Local Area Plan Urban Plan

• Schemes or Projects

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 REGIONAL PLAN
• To identify the region and regional resources for development
within which settlement ( urban and rural) plan to be prepared
and regulated by District Planning Committee
• Regional planning deals with the efficient placement of land-
use activities, infrastructure, and settlement growth across a
larger area of land than an individual city or town.
• Regional planning is related to urban planning as it relates land
use practices on a broader scale.
• It also includes formulating laws that will guide the efficient
planning and management of such said regions.
• Regional planning can be comprehensive by covering various
subjects, but it more often specifies a particular subject, which
requires region-wide consideration

• Duration: 20-25 years 7

 PERSPECTIVE PLAN
• A Perspective Plan is a long term (20-25 years) written
document supported by necessary maps and diagrams
providing the state government the goals, policies,
strategies and general programmes of the urban local
authority regarding spatio-economic development of the
settlement under its governance.
• Perspective planning refers to long-term planning in which
long range targets are set in advance for a period of 15,
20, or 25 years.
• A perspective plan, however, does not imply one plan for
the entire period of 15 or 20 years.
• In reality, the broader objectives and targets are to be
achieved within the specified period of time by dividing the
perspective plan into several short-period plans of 4, 5 or 6
years. 8
 Master Plan/Development Plan

Development Plan / Master Plan (Five Year Plan) –

conceived within the framework of the approved perspective
plan, is a medium term (generally five years) plan providing
comprehensive proposals for socio-economic and spatial
development of the urban centre indicating the manner in
which the use of land and development therein shall be
carried out by the local authority and other agencies.
• A master plan includes analysis, recommendations, and
proposals for a site’s population, economy, housing,
transportation, community facilities, and land use. It is based
on public input, surveys, planning initiatives, existing
development, physical characteristics, and social and
economic conditions
• Duration: 20-30 years (review every 5 years)
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 Master Plan/Development Plan
• In India the nomenclature ‘master plan’ and ‘development
plan’ has been used without distinction.
• Master Plan/Development Plan is the most important tool for
regulating use of land for planned city development .
• Centrally assisted scheme for preparation of Master Plan
initiated during 3rd Five Year Plan (1961-66).
• It is the long term perspective plan (20 years) for guiding the
sustainable planned development of the city. This document lays
down the planning guidelines, policies, development code and
space requirements for various socio-economic activities
supporting the city population during the plan period. It is also the
basis for all infrastructure requirements.
• Over 1,000 Master Plans prepared under State Town Planning Acts,
Town Improvement Trust Acts, City Development Acts. 10
 Master Plan/Development Plan

• Objective of Development Plan / Master Plan

 To provide necessary details and intended actions in
the form of:
 strategies and physical proposals for development of
the urban centre,
 employment generation, economic base,
 transportation and land use,
 housing and infrastructure, and
 matters like environment, conservation and ecology.

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 Master Plan/Development Plan
• Scope of Master Plan
 Master Plan is a statutory instrument for controlling, directing and
promoting sound and rational development and or
re-development of an urban area with a view to achieve maximum
economic, social and aesthetic benefits.

 It is prepared keeping in view the future growth of population,

economic development potential and ecological improvements
likely to come up during the plan period.

 It is to take note of regional and national factors, which have

bearing on the development of different areas.

 It indicates the manner in which the use of land is to be regulated

and also indicates the manner in which the development of land
is likely to be carried out.
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 Master Plan/Development Plan
• Scope of Master Plan (contd.)
 It confines to the broad proposals and allocation of land for
various purpose such as residential, industrial, commercial,
recreational, public and semi public etc.

 It identifies areas required to be preserved and conserved and

development of areas of natural scenery and landscape
together with preservation of features, structures or places of
historical, architectural and scientific interest and environmental
value.

 It includes the zoning regulations for regulating development

within each zone.

 It also indicates stages through which the plan is proposed to

be implemented.
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 ZONAL PLAN

• Zonal development plans are the next level hierarchical

policy plans after the master plans which detail out the
broad objectives of the master plan at comparatively
smaller regions while incorporating the guidelines and
proposals by the master plan without deviating far from
the primary goal of development set by master plan.
Unlike master plans here these zonal plans are prepared
for shorter terms with more focus on detailing.

• Duration: 15-20 years (revision every 5 years)

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 ZONAL PLAN

• Zonal development plans are the next level hierarchical

policy plans after the master plans which detail out the
broad objectives of the master plan at comparatively
smaller regions while incorporating the guidelines and
proposals by the master plan without deviating far from
the primary goal of development set by master plan.
Unlike master plans here these zonal plans are prepared
for shorter terms with more focus on detailing.

• Duration: 15-20 years (revision every 5 years)

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 LOCAL AREA PLAN

• Local area planning is a process of planning that is concerned

with resolving local level problems and issues.
• To detail sub-city land use plan and integration with urban
infrastructure, mobility and services
• Its priorities include over all welfare of the people and
development of the local area.
• Maintenance of social services and amenities, promotion in the
quality and quantity of local products and services and keeping
surroundings and local environment clean and green are some of
its continuous concerns. In terms of size, it is the smallest
planning unit with reference to people and places.
• The attributes of a local area reflect strong bonds of association
with the location and people
• Duration: 5 Years 16
 Urban Development Planning

• Annual Plan – conceived within the frame of development plan,

is a plan containing the details of new and ongoing projects that
the local authority intends to implement during the respective
financial year and for which necessary fiscal resources shall be
mobilised through plan funds and other sources.
• To translate development plan in the context of annual physical
and fiscal resources requirement. And to monitor plan
implementation with performance milestones.

• Plans Projects/Schemes – conceived within the framework of

approved Development Plan/Five-Year Plan. These are the
detailed working layouts with all supporting infrastructure and
documents including cost of development, source of finance and
recovery instruments for their execution by a public or private
agency.
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 Plan Formulation
• Plan Formulation consists of drawing up of
alternative concepts of planning the settlement,
taking into account:

a. aims and objectives,

b. projected requirements,
c. planning principles/theories,
d. planning techniques and
e. norms and standards

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DATA NEEDED FOR PLAN PREPARATION
I. Details of trades and industries.
II. Development of airports
III. Economic conditions of the authority
IV. Environments of the sites
V. Facilities of the transport
VI. Geological conditions of the site
VII. Land values and land use pattern
VIII. Locations of spots of the natural beauty.
IX. Location of the water supply unit
X. Mineral resources
XI. Population
XII. Special requirements for power houses, gas works, sewage disposal
plant and storm drainage.
XIII. Places of historic origin
XIV. Political position of the surroundings
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 DRAWINGS NEEDED FOR PLAN
PREPARATION
I. District Boundaries
II. Municipal boundaries
III. Contours
IV. Zones
V. Green belt boundaries
VI. Location of public buildings and town centres
VII. Open spaces
VIII.Natural resources
IX. Location of Public utility services
X. Road systems

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 Approval of Plans

Plan Approving Authority Time

(months)
Perspective Plan State Government through the 10
State Chief Planner
Development Plan Municipal Council/Corporation 7
Annual Plan Municipal Council/Corporation 3

Schemes/Projects Municipal Planner 1

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 Levels of Planning (in India)
• Levels of Planning
National Unit: the country – Union of 28 States and 8 Union
Territories (UTs)

Sub-National Unit: State/UT

District Unit: District – a key unit of third

level of planning, this unit id nearest to the
grassroots level (town/village) where
adequate information necessary for planning are
Local readily available
Unit: Panchayat (village
level)/Municipality (town level)
District , a creation (1772) of the British rule in India, for assessment and
collection of land revenue, administration of justice and maintenance of
law and order, it functioned as administrative unit. There are 593 22
districts in India (Census of India, 2001).
 Levels of Planning

• Perspective / 5-Year / Annual Plans will be prepared

at:

i. National level by the Planning Commission

ii. State level by State Planning Commission

iii. District level by District Planning Committee

iv. Local level by Municipality (in some places by the
Town and Country Planning Organization or by
Development Authority)

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 Levels of Planning (in Britain)

Structure Plan

Local Plans District Plans

Action Areas Plans

Subject Plans

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 Structure Plan (in Britain)
Structure Plan - illustrates the proposed structure and layout of a
future development area.
The term structure here means the social, economic and physical
systems of an area, subject to planning control.
Functions of Structure Plans
1)Interpreting national and regional policies
2)Establishing aims, policies and general proposals for the proposed
planned area
3)Providing framework for local plans
4)Indicating action areas (priority areas)
5)Providing guidance for development control in areas not covered
by local plans
6)Bringing main planning issues and decisions before the public
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 Local Plans
Local Plans - concerned with more detailed implementation of the
policies and proposals of the Structure Plan.

Three different kinds of Local Plans:

1)District Plans – for the comprehensive planning of the areas,
usually where change will take place in piecemeal fashion over a
long period.
1)Action Areas Plans – for the comprehensive planning of the
areas indicated in the structure plan for improvement, re-
development or new development, starting within a period of ten
years.
2)Subject Plans – for dealing with particular planning aspects in
advance of the preparation of comprehensive plan.

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 Town Planning Systems in India
• Town Planning is a State function and is not included in
the concurrent list of the Central Government.
• Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Government of
India (GoI) provides national level policy guidelines and
legislations for urban planning and development in the
country.
• The MoUD also provides financial support to the state and
local level agencies nationwide through various urban
development programmes like Jawaharlal Nehru National
Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM), Urban Infrastructure
Development in Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT),
Urban Reforms Incentive Fund (URIF), Accelerated Urban
Water Supply Programme (AUWSP) etc. 27
 Town Planning Systems in India
 1955 - Government of India formed Town Planning
Organization (TPO) to prepare the Master Plan for Delhi.

 1957 - Central Urban and Regional Planning Organization

(CRUPO) was created.

 1962 - The two organizations (TPO and CRUPO) were

merged to form Town and Country Planning Organization
(TCPO).

 TCPO - Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) is

an apex body in the field of urban and regional planning in
India.

 1970 - The Model Town Planning and Regional Development

Law was prepared by the TCPO. This law has formed the basis
for several state-level Town and Country Planning Acts in the country.
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 Town and Country Planning
Organization (TCPO)
 Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO)
 technical arm of the Ministry of Urban Development,
Government of India,
 is an apex technical advisory and consultant
organisation on matters concerning urban and
regional planning strategies, research, appraisal, and
monitoring of central government schemes and
development policies.
 provides assistance to the State Governments, Public
Sector Undertakings and Local Bodies / Development
Authorities on the matters pertaining to urbanisation,
town planning, urban transportation, metropolitan
planning, human settlement policies, planning
legislation etc. 29
 Town and Country Planning
Organization (TCPO)

 Major functions of Central TCPO:

i) Appraisal and monitoring of central sector projects /
programmes.
ii) Advice to the Ministry of Urban Development, Planning
Commission and other Central Ministries in Urban
Development policies and strategies.
iii) Technical advice and assistance to State Town and Country
Planning Departments.
iv) Undertaking applied research in areas of topical interest.
v) Preparation of Manuals and Guides on various aspects of
planning and development.
vi) Developing Urban and Regional Information System
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 Other Organizations in Planning

• Following Organizations play advisory role to the central

government ministries on specific issues related to urban
and regional planning:

– Housing and Urban Development Corporation

(HUDCO),
– Central Public Health Engineering and
Environment Organisation (CPHEEO).

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