Structure of English

Santilla, Roland John

Alcantara, Mark Rohan
Adamos, Maverick Spencer
Aim to Discuss the Following:
1. Subject-Verb Agreement
2. Sentence Structure
3. Fragments
4. Run-ons
5. Parallelism
6. Misplacement and Dangling Modifier
7. Paragraph

2
SVA (Subject-Verb
Agreement)
This is a rule wherein a subject and
its verb must correspond depending
on the noun itself. If the subject is
singular, the verb should be singular
as well, and if the subject is plural,
the verb should be plural too.

3
Rule #1
If the subject is singular, the verb should be singular too.

Examples:
- RJ works hard every day.
- The child eats Lumpia.
- The dog is lovely.

4
Rule #2
If the subject is plural, the verb should be plural too.

Examples:
- The children are playing on the field.
- Students play video games every night.
- The school of fish swim near the shore every morning.

5
Rule #3
Indefinite pronouns (everyone, each one, someone, somebody, no
one, nobody, anyone, anybody etc.) are always singular.

Examples:
- Everyone is in disbelief.
- Someone is watching the game.
- No one wants to kill.

6
Rule #4
When the subjects joined by ‘either or’ or ‘neither nor’ are of
different persons, the verb will agree in person and number with
the noun nearest to it.

Examples:
- Neither his dog nor his birds know how to behave well.
- Either the books or pen is expensive.

7
Rule #5
When any of ‘few, many, several, both, all, some’ is used with a
countable noun, the verb is plural.

Examples:
- Many Banannas are rotten.
- Several countries are invited for the tournament.
- Only a few men play Basketball every night.

8
Rule #6
When any of ‘few, many, several, both, all, some’ is used with an
uncountable noun, the verb is singular.

Examples:
- Many stars is sparkling in the night sky.
- Some water is dirty.
- All sands is hot as the Sun.

9
Nuisances:
- Removable phrases
- Prepositional phrases
- Proper nouns
 Sentence
Structure
Is the way words are arranged to
form a grammatically correct
sentence. It includes elements that
are fundamental in order to create
appropriate sentences.
Types of
Sentences:
-Imperative Sentences
-Simple Sentences
-Compound Sentences
-Complex Sentences
-Compound-Complex Sentences
12
Imperative Sentences
Is a type of sentence that gives command, requests, or expresses an
order.

Examples:
- Close the door!
- Smash it!
- Leave!

13
Simple Sentences
A sentence which consists of one independent clause (main clause)
without dependent clause (subordinate clause).

Examples:
- Joshua is leaning towards the wall.
- I use my shoes every game.

14
Compound Sentences
It is a sentence that consists of two independent clause which is
connected by a coordinating conjunction.

Examples:
- Jerome runs rapidly, but he got late to the event.
- I love drinking soda, so they bought me a good amount of it.

15
Complex Sentences
This type of sentence contains one independent clause and a
dependent clause with a subordinating conjunction to seperate the
two.

Examples:
- If it rains, remove all the clothes hanging outside.
- When the bus arrives, leave immediately.

16
Compound-Complex Sentences
Has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent
clause.

Examples:
- When Julius did not paid attention, he got low scores on the exam
and he felt really sad.
- While I was working, my friend asked me to aid him for he had a
very difficult project.

17
 Fragments
Is an incomplete sentence. it may be
missing a verb, a subject, or can
have a subject and a verb, but
doesn’t have a complete idea or
thought.

18
Common Types of
Fragments:
- Dependent Clause Fragment
- Forgetting the Subject
- Ing Fragments
- To Fragments
- Example Fragment
19
Dependent Clause Fragment
It usually occurs when using a dependent word in the beginning of
a sentence.

Dependent Words:
After, As, Because, Before, Even if, If, Since, When, Unless, and
While

20
Dependent Clause Fragments
Examples:
- Because he saw it with his eyes.
- After Marley saw the accident.
- Since she arrived at home.
- When he ate the cereal.

21
Forgetting the Subject
These kind of fragments does have a verb, but doesn’t have a
subject.

Examples:
- Drove back home.
- Ate like there is no tomorrow.
- Flew back on top of the tree.

22
-Ing Fragments
When we use a word ending in -ing at the beginning of a sentence,
it makes the sentence become a fragment.

Examples:
- Running to the finish line.
- Eating something else.
- Dancing at the club.

23
To Fragments
It is when a word group begins with the word “to”.

Examples:
- To the alley.
- To participate.
- To the park.
- To the zoo.

24
Example Fragment
It happens when using the words like: including, such as, and for
example in the beginning of a word group.

Examples:
- Such as Ice cream.
- Including shoes.

25
Run-ons
(fused sentence or comma splice)
Run-ons

Occurs when two or more independent

clauses are incorrectly joined together
without appropriate punctuation or
conjunctions to separate them.

27
 “ Types of Run-ons

1.Comma Splice Run-on Sentence

2.Fused Run-on Sentence
3.Semicolon Run-on Sentence
”
4.Missing Subject or Verb Run-on Sentence
Comma Splice Run-on Sentence: This type of
run-on sentence happens when two independent
clauses are joined only by a comma.
Example:

•Incorrect: "I wanted to go to the movie, she

preferred to stay home."

•Corrected: "I wanted to go to the movie, but

she preferred to stay home."
F A N B O Y S
F - or
A - nd
N - or
B - ut
O-r
Y - et
S-o
30
Fused Run-on Sentence: A fused run-on
sentence occurs when two independent clauses
are joined together without any punctuation or
conjunction.
Example:

• Incorrect: "I wanted to go to the movie she

preferred to stay home."

• Corrected: "I wanted to go to the movie. She

preferred to stay home."
Semicolon Run-on Sentence: Some writers
attempt to connect independent clauses using a
semicolon, but if the clauses are not closely
related in meaning, it can still result in a run-on
sentence.
Example:

• Incorrect: "I like to swim; I prefer reading

books."

• Corrected: "I like to swim, but I prefer reading

books."
Missing Subject or Verb Run-on Sentence:
Run-on sentences can also occur when there is
no clear subject or verb differentiation between
clauses.
Example:

• Incorrect: "Running late for work, missed the

bus."

• Corrected: "I was running late for work, so I

missed the bus."
 To fix run-on sentences, you can use several
methods:

• Separate with a Period: Split the run-on sentence into two or more sentences.

• Use a Semicolon: Connect closely related independent clauses with a semicolon.

• Use a Coordinating Conjunction: Add a coordinating conjunction (e.g., and, but, or, nor,
for, so, yet) after the comma.

• Use a Subordinating Conjunction: Turn one of the clauses into a dependent clause if it
makes sense. (Although, Because, Since, If, When, While, Before, After, Unless and etc.

• Use a Dash or Colon: Sometimes, dashes or colons can be used to create a clear break
between clauses.
34
Parallelism
Parallelism

is a grammatical and rhetorical device

where elements in a sentence or paragraph
are structured similarly to create balance
and harmony in writing

PRESENTATION TITLE 36
 “ Some Types of Parallelism

1.Parallel Structure in Lists

2.Parallelism in Comparisons
3.Parallelism in Verb Tense
”
4.Parallelism in Correlative Conjunctions
5.Parallelism in Sentences
Parallel Structure in Lists:

• Incorrect: I like hiking, to swim, and reading.

• Correct (parallel): I like hiking, swimming,

and reading.
Parallelism in Comparisons:

• Incorrect: She is not only intelligent but also

funny.

• Correct (parallel): She is not only intelligent

but also witty.
Parallelism in Verb Tense:

• Incorrect: She danced, sang, and will play the

piano.

• Correct (parallel): She danced, sang, and

played the piano.
Parallelism in Correlative Conjunctions:

• Incorrect: Either you should work harder or

find a new job.

• Correct (parallel): Either you should work

harder or you should find a new job.
Parallelism in Sentences:

• Incorrect: To succeed, one must work hard,

dedication is important, and perseverance.

• Correct (parallel): To succeed, one must work

hard, be dedicated, and persevere.